Changing referential practice: The German pronoun 'man' from a diachronic perspective

人称代词“man”具有独特的语法和互动特征。在研究单位（RU）的“指代人称的实践：人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的使用”的基于用法的方法中，该项目揭示了德语历时性中这些特征的出现和常规化。第一个目标是从跨语言研究的建议出发，实证验证、阐述和证实从一般NP到代词的语法化路径。基于OHG和MHG的参考语料库，该项目确定了结构类型和相关语境（名义、代词和歧义衔接语境）、它们的交际功能和常规化程度。它询问了诸如补充词“ein”等语法特征是如何出现的，以及“jemand”/“niemand”是如何专门用作不定代词的。特别关注的是“人”的早期结构预测了后来的交互功能的假设。基于其原型的通用用法，“man”具有脱离主体的潜力，可以指任何符合语法的人：第三方、收件人和说话人自己。通过选择“人”而不是人称代词，说话者在责任管理、规范期望、超个人经验和社会成员关系方面对自己和其他指称物进行了定位。该项目的第二个目标是研究“人”的非原型参考和互动功能以何种方式以及何时出现并常规化，以及与俄罗斯其他历史项目一起，“人”的功能幽灵如何与其他代词相互作用。对于德语的历史阶段，只有通过比较不同类型的“人”的行为才能获得全貌，因为这是历史交际实践中各种要求的综合。由于可用的语料库在比较体裁时并不平衡，因此该项目编译了16 -18 ct的结构化深度样本。文本。这些样本包括三种教学/信息类型：害虫论文、微生物学论文和早期报纸，以及三种以对话为导向的类型：喜剧、语言教学的示范对话和审讯记录。医学文本、报纸和喜剧建立了与RU内其他项目的链接。该项目分析了可用的语料库和深度样本，询问“人”的互动功能（如说话人参考）何时以及在何种语境下出现和常规化，哪些功能跨体裁或特定体裁发生，以及“人”如何与人称代词和非人称结构相互作用。该项目将语料库驱动和基于注释的定性和定量方法与互动语言学的方法相结合。在此过程中，该项目测试了俄语的交互式语言概念和方法在多种历史语言数据上的适用性。

The human impersonal pronoun 'man' has peculiar grammatical and interactional features. Within the usage based approach of the Research Unit (RU) 'Practices of referring to persons: personal, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns in use', the project discloses the emergence and routinization of these features in the diachrony of German. The first objective is to empirically verify, elaborate and substantiate a grammaticalization path from generic NP to pronoun starting from proposals in cross-linguistic studies. Based on the reference corpora of OHG and MHG, the project identifies constructional types and relevant contexts (nominal, pronominal and ambiguous bridging contexts), their communicative functions and their degree of routinisation. It asks how grammatical features such as suppletion with ‚ein‘ emerge and how 'jemand'/'niemand' specialize as indefinite pronouns. Special focus lies on the hypothesis that early constructions with 'man' anticipate later interactional functions. Based on its prototypical generic use, 'man' has the potential of agent-defocusing and of referring to any grammatical person: third parties, addressees, and speakers themselves. By choosing 'man' over personal pronouns, speakers position themselves and other referents with respect to responsibility management, normative expectations, supraindividual experience, and social membership. The second objective of this project is to investigate in which way and when nonprototypical referential and interactional functions of 'man' have emerged and routinized and, together with the other historical projects within the RU, how the functional spectre of 'man' interacts with those of other pronouns. For historical stages of German, a full picture can only be gained by comparing the behavior of 'man' across different genres as consolidations of diverse requirements in historical communicative practice. As available corpora are not balanced for comparing genres, the project compiles structured in-depth-samples of 16.-18.ct. texts. These samples consist of three instructional/informative genres: pest treatises, balneologic treatises, and early newspapers, a well as three dialogue-oriented genres: comedies, model dialogues for language teaching, and interrogation records. Medicinal texts, newspapers, and comedies build a link to other projects within the RU. The project analyses the available corpora and in-depth-samples asking when and in which contexts interactional functions of 'man' such as speaker reference emerge and routinize, which functions occur across genres or genre-specifically, and how 'man' interacts with personal pronouns and impersonal constructions. The project combines corpus-driven and annotation-based qualitative and quantifying methods with methods from interactional linguistics. In doing so, the project tests the applicability of the RU's interactional linguistic concepts and methods on diversified historical linguistic data.