食肉類の脳の化石を用いた大脳皮質運動野領域の機能の進化と水生適用過程の研究

利用肉食性脑化石研究大脑皮层运动皮层区的功能进化及水生适应过程

• 批准号: 08740406
• 负责人: 甲能 直樹
• 金额: $ 0.64万
• 依托单位: National Museum of Nature and Science,Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists (A)
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1996 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-08740406/
• 关键词: 中枢神経; 脳; エンドカスト; 食肉目; 機能形態; 行動様式

本年度の研究では,これまでのところ鰭脚類に最も近縁と考えられるイタチ小目の半水生食肉類のポタモテリウムの頭蓋腔から得た脳の印象模型の神経解剖学的な記載と,最古の鰭脚類のエナリアルクトスの頭蓋腔から得られている脳の印象模型との比較を行なった.比較に際しては,デジタイザを用いて相同となるようないくつかのランドマークの設定を行ない,画像解析ソフトを用いて大脳皮質運動野領域の面積(近似値)と相対的な位置と長軸方向を数値化し,それぞれの種の運動野領域と感覚野領域の発達の特徴を比較検討した.ポタモテリウムでは,鰭脚類に見られるような嗅神経の退縮は認められず、嗅感覚への依存度が視覚よりも強いことが明らかになった.また,そのことと関連して鰭脚類に見られるような脳函の前後退縮も見られなかった.一方で,三叉神経の上顎神経節は鰭脚類同様よく発達しており,上唇部を中心とした領域の感覚機能はすでに鰭脚類と同程度に発達していたことが示唆された.デジタイザのランドマークによる比較では,脳の全体的な形態の相違(距離指標)では有意差が見られたものの,機能に関わる部分(大脳前部の後S字状脳回=顔面の運動機能と関連,あるいは前側頭部の冠状脳回=洞毛の発達と関連)の相違は大きさの絶対値でしかし示されず,ポタモテリウムと鰭脚類との間の感覚野領域の発達の度合いに有意差は認められなかった.今後,運動野領域の発達程度を相対化するための適切なランドマークの設定が課題となる.

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