A Study of Ancient Cultures that Produced Bronzes in Ningxia

本研究对20世纪70年代以来在宁夏南部固原及周边地区发现的大部分宁夏回族北部青铜器文化遗存进行了梳理，由于墓葬类型和青铜器形态设计的差异，未将其纳入匈奴文化范畴。迄今为止，这些遗存被认为是匈奴文化的遗存，因为它们是骑骑游牧民族常用的物品，具有动物风格的特点。然而，从对内蒙古匈奴墓葬的研究进展来看，从墓葬的类型和器物的种类来看，宁夏和内蒙古的遗存有许多共同的因素。可以辨认出同样的包容性文化，即北方青铜文化，但也可以注意到坟墓类型的差异，以及青铜器的形状和设计。这两个地区遗迹之间的差异可能更多地是由发展了各自文化并生活在这些地区的人的差异所利用的。本研究假设宁夏人是历史文献中的西戎人，并试图对此进行澄清。通过对宁夏的考察，我们可以了解整个宁夏地区包括北方青铜文化在内的青铜文化。这是我们研究的主要结果。此外，在宁西中南部的一些遗址中，不仅发现了甘肃仰韶文化半山式彩陶，还发现了河西走廊的齐家文化、四瓦文化和沙井文化的遗迹，属于青铜器时代。据史料记载，从西周西周至战国战国时期，这一地区生活着易趣戎、大喜戎、武世戎等西戎人，我们指的是这一地区新石器时代晚期到青铜时代的转折点与西戎等民族的关系。目前，中国的考古学家正在对西容进行考古研究，我们认为，除了在宁夏，还需要结合对北方青铜文化的研究，在甘肃东部、甘肃中西部和河西走廊进行进一步的研究和研究。少

This study clarifies most remains of the Northern Bronze culture in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, which were discovered in Guyuan, the southern area of Ningxia and its surroundings since the 1970's, not including the category of the Xiongnu culture because of the difference in the type of graves and the shape and design of bronzewares. Up to now, those remains were recognized as the remains of the Xiongnu culture because they were common objects used by mounted Nomads and which are characterized by animal styles. According to the development of research and studies on Xiongnu graves in Inner-Mongolia, however, as compared with the types of grave and the kinds of grave objects, remains of Ningxia and Inner-Mongolia have many common elements. The same inclusive culture named Northern Bronze Culture can be recognized, but also the difference in the types of graves, and the shape and design of bronzewares can be noticed. This difference between the remains of the two areas was probably ca … More used by the difference in peoples who had developed each culture and lived in those areas. This study assumes that the people in Ningxia were Xirong people of historical literature, and tries to clarify this. Through our research in Ningxia, we could understand the Bronze Culture which includes the Northern Bronze Culture in the whole of Ningxia. This is the major result of our study.Furthermore, at some sites in central and south Ningxi, not only Painted Potteries of the Gansu Yangshao Culture Banshan Type were excavated, but also remains of the Qijia culture, the Siwa Culture and the Shajing Culture in the Hexi Corridor, which belong to the Bronze Age. According to historical literature, from the Xizhou Age (the Western Zhou Dynasty) to the Zhanguo Age (the Warring States Period), some peoples named the Xirong which include the Yiqurong, the Dahirong and the Wushirong, etc. lived in this area, we refer to the way in which the turning point from the Late Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age in this area was related to the peoples like the Xirong. Archaeological studies of the Xirong are now being conducted by archaeologists in China, we think that further study and research needs to done not only in Ningxia but also in Eastern Ganau, central-western Gansu and the Hexi Corridor, combined with the study and research of the Northern Bronze Culture. Less