Reproduction of Japanese anchovy in the Kuroshio Extension and transition waters.

近海种群的产卵频率(以排泄后卵泡的雌体比例表示)和批量繁殖力高于沿海种群。这表明，近海水域的凤尾鱼采用了一种繁殖策略，即它们将更多的能量分配给繁殖，并在一定时期内比沿海水域的凤尾鱼产生更多的卵。凤尾鱼在8-22ﾟC的温度范围内产卵，其分批繁殖力与温度成正比。这使得凤尾鱼能够利用近海广阔的区域作为它们的产卵场。另一方面，线粒体DNA分析表明，从九州北部和西部到本州-北海道沿海的几个凤尾鱼种群在遗传上没有区别。凤尾鱼的幼体和幼体广泛分布在东经160°的近海，它们向近海迁徙，生长速度与沿海水域相似。日死亡率随着增长而下降，近海较大的Jarvae的死亡率最低。胃内容物分析表明，30 mm SL幼虫的空胃发生率很高，35 mm SL的幼虫空腹发生率较低。食性生物以桡足类为主。随着鱼类体型的增加，温暖水域中的桡足类和两足类出现的次数增加。幼体以同种小幼虫为食。

Spawning frequency, which is represented by the fraction of females with postovulatory follicles, and batch fecundity were higher in offshore populations than in coastal ones. This suggests that anchovy in offshore waters adopt a reproductive strategy in which they assign more energy to reproduction and produce more eggs in a certain period than those in coastal waters. Anchovy spawn in the temperature range of 8-22ﾟC with batch fecundity varied in proportion to temperature. This enables anchovy to utilize offshore extensive areas as their spawning grounds. On the other hand, the analysis of mtDNA showed that several anchovy populations off the coastsfrom northern and western Kyushu to Honshu-Hokkaido were not distinguished genetically.Anchovy larvae and juveniles were distributed widely as far offshore as 160 deg.E.They migrated offshore, growing at a rate similar to those in coastal waters. The daily mortality rate decreased with growth, being lowest for larger Jarvae offshore. Stomach content analysis revealed that occurrence of empty stomach was very high in larvae <30mm SL and reduced for juveniles> 35mm SL.Food organisms were predominated by copepods. With increase in fish size, occurrence of warm water species of copepods and amphipods increased. It was suggested that juveniles > 55mm SL feed on conspecific small larvae.