Reproduction of Japanese anchovy in the Kuroshio Extension and transition waters.

产卵频率（以排卵后卵泡的雌鱼比例为代表）和批量繁殖力在近海种群中高于沿海种群。这表明近海凤尾鱼采用了一种繁殖策略，在一定时期内，它们比沿海水域的凤尾鱼分配更多的能量用于繁殖，并产生更多的卵。在8 ~ 22‰的温度范围内，鳀鱼的产卵量随温度的变化呈比例变化。这使得凤尾鱼能够利用近海广阔的区域作为它们的产卵地。另一方面，对mtDNA的分析表明，从九州北部和西部到本州-北海道沿海的几个凤尾鱼种群在遗传上没有区别。凤尾鱼的幼鱼和幼鱼广泛分布在远至160°e的近海，它们向近海迁移，生长速度与沿海水域相似。日死亡率随生长而下降，离岸较大的爪哇鱼日死亡率最低。胃内容物分析结果显示，小于30mm SL的幼鱼空腹发生率高，小于35mm SL的幼鱼空腹发生率低，食物生物以桡足类为主。随着鱼类体型的增大，暖水种类桡足类和片脚类的数量增加。结果表明：55mm以下的幼鱼以同种小幼虫为食。

Spawning frequency, which is represented by the fraction of females with postovulatory follicles, and batch fecundity were higher in offshore populations than in coastal ones. This suggests that anchovy in offshore waters adopt a reproductive strategy in which they assign more energy to reproduction and produce more eggs in a certain period than those in coastal waters. Anchovy spawn in the temperature range of 8-22ﾟC with batch fecundity varied in proportion to temperature. This enables anchovy to utilize offshore extensive areas as their spawning grounds. On the other hand, the analysis of mtDNA showed that several anchovy populations off the coastsfrom northern and western Kyushu to Honshu-Hokkaido were not distinguished genetically.Anchovy larvae and juveniles were distributed widely as far offshore as 160 deg.E.They migrated offshore, growing at a rate similar to those in coastal waters. The daily mortality rate decreased with growth, being lowest for larger Jarvae offshore. Stomach content analysis revealed that occurrence of empty stomach was very high in larvae <30mm SL and reduced for juveniles> 35mm SL.Food organisms were predominated by copepods. With increase in fish size, occurrence of warm water species of copepods and amphipods increased. It was suggested that juveniles > 55mm SL feed on conspecific small larvae.