Colors and their mutations in anurans

1.本文对黑斑蛙（Rana nigromaculata）、黑斑蛙（R.短足类和许氏树蛙为主要材料.在黑斑蛙组中，检查了正常的褐色或绿色背表面，配子照射产生的9种颜色突变，野外发现的10个白化病种，以及黑眼和灰眼突变。(1)有五组白化病人的基因座彼此不同。第一组的白化病人由四个等位基因控制。(2)每一种白化病人的外观和异常黑色素细胞的微小结构都与其他白化病人不同。(3)通过制备白化病基因在两个位点上纯合的12种白化病，证实了白化病基因的显性。(4)通过对白斑蛙与正常蛙回交后代的基因型和灯刷染色体组成的比较研究，发现白斑蛙与正常蛙回交后代的灯刷染色体组成不同。短足类，和 ...更多信息 利用连锁群和易位，确定了染色体上每个白化病基因的位置。携带橄榄色和蓝色突变位点的染色体也用类似的方法测定。绘制了包括白化和其他颜色突变位点的染色体图谱.在树蛙体内，一部分黄色素细胞向下移动，变成我们命名的紫色素细胞，取代了黑色素细胞。每个紫柄内充满深紫色的颗粒，称为紫蝶呤体.黑斑蛙、树蛙、许氏树蛙和皱纹蛙的黑眼或灰眼突变受单隐性基因控制。在电镜下观察了这些突变体中色素细胞的异常。在黑斑蛙、日本林蛙和皱纹蛙中，野生型和颜色突变个体之间产生了前后嵌合体。当前部正常时，其色素细胞通过融合平面在一定程度上移动到后部。在这一运动中，虹膜细胞最为明显。少

1. Morphological and genetical studies have been made on the wild-type and mutational colorations of Rana nigromaculata, R. brevipoda, and Rhacophorus schlegelii as main materials.2. In the Rana nigromaculata group, the normal brown or green coloration of the dorsal surface, nine kinds of color mutations obtained by irradiation of gametes, ten stocks of albinos found in the field, and the black-eyed and gray-eyed mutations were examined. (1) There are five groups of albinos whose loci differ from one another. The albinos of the first group are controlled by four alleles. (2) Each kind of a albinos differs from the others in external appearance as well as in minute structure of abnormal melanophores. (3) The dominance of an albino gene was confirmed by preparing 12 kinds of albinos in which albino genes are homozygous in two loci. (4) By comparing the genotypes with the constitutions of lampbrush chromosomes in backcrosses between albinic Rana nigromaculata and normal R. brevipoda, and … More by good use of linkage groups and translocations, the situation of each albino gene on a chromosome was determined. The chromosomes bearing the loci of olive and blue mutations w re also determined by a similar method. Chromosome maps including the loci of albinic and oter color mutations were drawn.3. In Rhacophorus schlegelli, a part of xanthophores moves downward, changes into violeophores named by us and takes the place of melanophores. Each violeophore is filled with dark-violet granules which were named violeopterinosomes.4. In Rana nigromaculata, Hyla arborea japonica, Rhacophorus schlegelii and Rana rugosa, the black-eyed or gray-eyed mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene. The abnormalities of the chromatophores in these mutations were elucidated under an electron-microscope.5. In Rana nigromaculata, Rana japonica and Rana rugosa, antero-posterior chimeras were produced between wild-type and color-mutational individuals. When the anterior portion is normal, its chromatophores move to the posterior portion to some extent by passing over the plane of fusion. Iridophores are most conspicuous in this movement. Less