Biochemical and molecular biological studies on the systematic evolution of anurans distributed in the Palearctic region

Bufo和Rana属无尾两栖动物，广泛分布在包括日本在内的世界各个地区，对大量个体的骨骼肌和肝脏提取的酶和血液蛋白进行电泳分析，从每个位点的基因频率估计不同种群、亚种和种之间的遗传距离。根据遗传距离，采用UPGMA方法绘制树状图。主要研究结果如下：对东半球分布的7种6亚种的研究表明，欧洲Bufo Bufo与日本B. japonicus的亲缘关系非常密切，日本B. japonicus在日本由东向西分化的过程中产生了4个亚种。研究发现，古北纬地区的池蛙（池蛙群）首先在欧洲和远东各分为3种，然后在远东产生了3个亚种。对黑斑田鼠群70个居群的调查表明，黑斑田鼠是由原居者黑斑田鼠与新来居者黑斑田鼠杂交而成。对分布于古北地区的12种褐蛙的物种形成过程进行了研究。结果表明，先分化出有26条染色体的latouchi和tsushimensis，再分化出有24条染色体的arvalis。在剩下的9个物种中，6个有26条染色体，而其他3个有24条染色体。它们被分发到世界各地。对分布在日本的40个林蛙居群的电泳研究表明，林蛙东部居群与西部居群存在较大差异。此外，对其性别决定机制的调查表明，东部居群为zw型，西部居群为xy型。这似乎是最原始的性别决定机制，有待进一步研究。性别决定机制的原始状态有待进一步研究。此外，还阐明了分布在远东地区的3种水螅属的分化，以及分布于日本的热带水螅属（Rana limnocharis）与热带的canrivora和Platymantis在热带地区的亲缘关系。少

In Bufo and Rana, which belong to anuran amphibians distributed widely in various districts of the world including Japan, enzymes extracted from the skeletal muscles and livers, and the blood proteins of numerous individuals were analyzed by electrophoresis to estimate the genetic distances between different populations, subspecies and species from gene frequencies at each locus. Dendrograms were drawn by the method of UPGMA on the basis of genetic distances. The main results of researches were as follows.1. A study on seven species and six subspecies of Bufo which are distributed in the Old World evidently showed that the European Bufo bufo are very closely related with the Japanese B. japonicus, and that the latter produced four subspecies in Japan during the period of differentiation from east to west.2. It was found that the pond frogs ( esculenta group ) in the Palearctic region were first divided into three species in each of Europe and the Far East, and then produced three subsp … More ecies in the Far East. The investigations on 70 populations of the Rana nigromaculata group showed that R. brevipoda porosa was produced by hybridization between a former occupant, R. brevipoda and a newly-arrived, R. nigromaculata.3. The process of speciation in 12 brown frog species distributed in the Palearctic region was investigated. The result showed that R. latouchi and R. tsushimensis having 26 chromosomes were first differentiated, and then R. arvalis having 24 chromosomes was produced. Of the remaining nine species, six had 26 chromosomes, while the other three had 24 chromosomes. They were distributed to various districts of the world.4. A electrophoretic study on 40 populations of Rana rugosa distributed in Japan showed that the eastern populations fairly differed from the western ones. Moreover, the investigations on the sex-determining mechanism of this species indicated that the eastern populations were of the ZW-type, while the western populations were of the XY-type. This seems to be the most primitive state of sex-determining mechanism which should be further investigated. primitive state of sex-determining mechanism which should be further investigated.5. In addition to the above-mentioned, differentiation of three Hyla species distributed in the Far East, and the affinity of Rana limnocharis which is distributed from Japan over the tropics with tropical R. cancrivora and Platymantis was clarified. Less