Histological observations of the muscle tissue reaction to sintered hydroxyapatite.

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The sintered porous hydroxyapatite block was embedded between the tibial anterior muscle and the periosteum of tibia in 10 Wister rats, between the calcaneal tendon and the tibia in 20, into the calcaneal tendon in 40. Microscopical examination revealed newly formed connective tissue at the interface between the hydroxyapatite and the muscle or the tendon in all cases and its growth into the micropores of hydroxyapatite block. The maximal ingrowth depth of connective tissue was 350 mum in 51-150 mum pore. In muscle-periosteum embedded group, the maximal mechanical strength against tension was 0.9 kg/cm^2, in intra-tendon embedded group, it was 1.3 kg/cm^2 8 weeks after implantation. Microscopicaly, membranous ossification was noted between the hydroxyapatite block and the periosteum in muscle-periosteum embedded group, but no calcification or no new bone formation around the hydroxyapatite blocks in intra-tendon embedded group.Therefore, hydroxyapatite was considered to be one of the materials which had ability of membranous ossification and mechanically bonded to muscle or tendon. In future, new applications of hydroxyapatite for orthopedic surgery are to be investigated.