Structure and Development of the Integrating Powers in Europe

在关注“欧洲特有的”社会结构的同时，我们试图把握近代以前整合力量的结构和发展。我们的研究分为三个方面：“地方团体与整合权力”、“教会在整合权力中的地位”和“整合权力与官僚主义”。我们的“研究成果报告”由未发表的专著组成。新增如下意见：首先，佐藤Ikuo Sato明确指出，12世纪是中世纪英国政教关系的重大转折点。在第一部分中，三浦弘和强调了在查理大帝吞并其他部落的过程中引入格拉夫法的重要性。斋藤康表明，在1291年永久同盟的形成中，山谷领导人的利益发挥了决定性的作用。柳泽新一从宗教改革时期德意志帝国与瑞士城邦的结盟中，描述了德意志帝国统治结构的特点。Hiromi Saito描述了十六世纪威尼斯政府在食品政策上的意大利式结构的特点。在第二个领域，渡边春夫将德意志王国的形成描述为从王族到王朝的结构变化，鹤岛博和强调英国的统治原则不是来自整合的部落国家的霸权，而是来自教会。最后，在第三个领域，小野义彦发现了君主的官方管理与地方办公室中有知识的律师的私人管理（Sportelpfriinde）的重叠，新浦秀夫指出君主内部的二元论以及专制主义军事制度（berufliches stehendes Heer and AusschuBtruppen）的内部和外部权力所有者是一个特别的欧洲特征。

Giving attention to the "specifically European" social structure, we have tried to grasp the structure and development of the integrating powers before the modern ages. Our research was composed of the three areas: "local groups and integrating powers", "the position of church in the integrating powers ", and "the integrating powers and bureaucracy". Our "REPORT OF RESEARCH RESULTS" consists of unpublished monographs. The following new opinions are included. First, Ikuo Sato makes clear that the twelfth century was a great turning point in relations between state and church in medieval England. In the first area, Hirokazu Miura stresses the significance of the introduction of the Grafschaftsverfassung in the process of annexation of the other tribes by Charles the Great. Yasushi Saito shows that the interests of leaders in the valleys played a decisive roll in the formation of the Perpetual Alliance of 1291. Shinichi Yanagisawa describes characteristics of the structure of rule of the German Empire in the alliances between the Imperial and the Swiss cities in the age of Reformation. Hiromi Saito delineates the characteristics of the specifically Italian structure of government in food policy in Venice in the sixteenth century.In the second area, Haruo Watanabe describes the formation of the German Kingdom as a structural change from kingly kinship to dynasty, and Hirokazu Tsurushima stresses that the ruling principle of the United Kingdom of England i.s derived not from the hegemony of the integrated tribal states, but from church.Lastly, in the third area, Yoshihiko Ono finds overlapping of fhe official administration of a prince and the private one of the learned lawyer in local offices as Sportelpfriinde, and Hideo Shimpo points out the dualism within a prince and the internal and external power holders in military system of absolutism (berufliches stehendes Heer and AusschuBtruppen) as one specifically European characteristic.