Comparative Studies on the Urban Problem and Ethnicity in the Middle East and the Soviet Union.

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In our comparative studies on the urban problem and ethnicity in the Middle East and the Soviet Union, we studied on the correlation between the recent urbanization and the transformation of ethnic communities. We had field researches at many cities in the Middle East and the Soviet Union in which we had chances to be acquainted with the present condition of the urban problem.The urbanization and the growth of cities which are under way in the regions changed the structure and function of the cities. We studied, for instance, the governmental policy on the economical development for the cities in the Soviet Union which resulted in the transformation of ethnic communities and consequently created the conflicts between the different ethnic communities.The consciousness of the difference between the ethnic communities strengthened the identity of communities. By this reason, we considered the development of nationalism in the regions. In one of case studies, we delineated the history of the Turkish nationalist movement and its impact on the Turkish people in Central Asia of the Soviet Union. We also studied on the role of the religions such as Islam, Armenian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox in integrating the community. Because religious movement is acquiring political strength among the ethnic communities in recent years.Analyzing the commerce, long-distance trade, Turkish migration to Germany, pilgrimage to Mecca, we studied the communication networks between the cities. The communication networks link the cities and contribute to the integration of the same ethnic community scattered in various regions. Thus we find the commonness on the urban problem in the different cities.