Biomechanical Analysis of Joint Movement

1.一个使用磁源和传感器的个人计算机系统已经被开发用于测量关节运动的三维平移和旋转。将八通道肌电图仪与该系统相结合，以检查关节运动与运动中涉及的肌肉活动之间的关系。通过该组合系统对上肢运动的分析表明：（1）随着上肢在额状面中外展和在矢状面中抬高，三角肌前、中和后的活动逐渐增加;（2）三角肌中和后的活动，肱二头肌支和冈上肌随着上肢从最大屈曲位水平伸展而增加。在关节运动学领域，临床术语如内-外或内-外旋转通常用于表示身体节段绕其自身长轴的旋转。然而，这些术语 ...更多信息 e不是严格意义上的机械定义。提出了一个新的轴向旋转的数学定义，以避免不精确性，并给出了由测量的欧拉角计算轴向旋转的方法。该定义是基于角速度矢量投影到身体部分的长轴上的分量的积分。著名的Codman悖论可以用这个定义来解决。这个定义已经被推广到当一个身体部分相对于另一个身体部分在三维空间中运动时，这两个身体部分相对于另一个身体部分的轴向旋转。瞬时旋转中心是描述刚体平面运动的基本量，对解剖学关节运动分析有重要意义。用于计算ICR的传统方法对位置测量误差敏感，因此很少有可靠的ICR数据被报道。通过<plus-minus>采用光敏半导体传感器和平滑技术以及改进实验条件，使ICR的总误差减小到3 mm。测量颞下颌关节运动的ICR

1. A personal computer system using magnetic sources and sensors has been developed to measure three-dimensional translations and rotations of joint movement. Eight-channel electromyograph has been combined with the system to examine relationships between joint movement and the muscle activities involved in the movement. Analysis of the motion of the upper limb by the combined system has shown that (1) activities in the anterior, middle and posterior deltoids gradually increase as the upper limb is elevated in abduction in the frontal plane and in elevation in the sagittal plane and that (2) activities in the middle and posterior deltoid, the biceps brach and the supraspinatus increase as the upper limb is extended from the maximally flexed position in horizontal extension.2. In the field of joint kinematics, clinical terms such as internal-external, or medial-lateral, rotations are commonly used to express the rotation of a body segment about its own long axis. However, these terms ar … More e not defined in a strict mechanical sense. A new mathematical definition of axial rotation has been proposed to avoid vagueness, and methods to calculate it from the measured Euler angles have been given. The definition is based on the integration of the component of the angular velocity vector projected onto the long axis of the body segment. The well-known Codman's paradox can be solved using the definition. This definition has been generalized to give the relative axial rotation of one body segment with respect to another body segment when the two segments are moving in the 3-dimensional space.3. The instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is a basic quantity for describing planar motion of rigid bodies and useful for analysis of anatomical joint motion. The conventional methods for calculating ICR have been sensitive to measurement error in position so that few reliable ICR data have been reported. We have reduced the overall error in ICR to <plus-minus> 3 mm by employing photo-sensitive semiconductor sensors and smoothing technique and improving experimental conditions. ICR of temporomandibular joint motion has been measure Less