The Study of the Bureaucratic Organization and Its Social Bases During the Song Through Ming/Qing Times

该项目旨在考察宋代至明清时期与国家考试制度相联系的官僚组织的制度和社会基础。实际研究的重点包括三个方面：(1)对宋元明三代《国考论》的每一篇文本进行严格的考证，(2)对与国家考试制度和官僚制度密切相关的技术术语进行注释，(3)阐明官员的招聘过程。对于上述(1)和(2)计划，我们的努力取得了丰硕成果。这可以参考诸如中岛聪翻译的《宋史考论》(第一卷)带注释的结果、每个参与者的著作以及研究项目…报告中的文章来认识更多ct。其中值得特别注意的是《宋史考略译注》的出版。这是对《考论》(课程考试、皇帝考试、考官考试、优秀初级考生和才华横溢的人的考试)的每一个子章的仔细而详细的翻译和注释的结果，所有这些都取决于关键相关来源的详尽文件。我们自豪地期待这本书将对这一领域做出巨大贡献。此外，研究项目报告中收录的《元峰时期官僚机构书索引》和《中日科举制度名录》，也将对宋代考试制度和官僚制度的研究有很大帮助。1990-1年度较少的研究包括：(1)关于学堂考试、选拔办法、赞助和人事分配制度的分章考察(需要进一步研究，(2)对《永洛大辞典》中保存下来的北宋人事局典注的细读与注释。最后，我们的最终目标，即对官员招聘过程的澄清，仍然鲜有研究。一个原因是，在这个项目中，我们不得不把更多的精力花在学习考试和官僚主义本身的基础上，另一个原因是，我们原来计划的三年项目变成了两年。我们迫切希望在迄今积累的基本研究成果的基础上，在不久的将来恢复我们的研究。较少

The project is to investigate the institutions as well as social bases of the bureaucratic organization which linked with the system of the st ate examination for the periods covering the Song through the Ming/Qing dynasties. The major points of actual research contains three aspects : (1) to give a rigid textual criticism on each text of "The Treatise of the State Examination" in the Dynastic Histories of the Song, Yuan and Ming, (2) to work up a commentary of technical terms that have close relevance to the institutions of the state examination as well as bureaucracy, and (3) to elucidate the processes of the officials' recruitment.As to the above programs of (1) and (2), our efforts were rewarded with handsome fruits, which may be recognized by reference to such results as The Translation with Annotation of the Treatise of Examination of the Song Dynastic History (vol. 1) by Satoshi NAKAJIMA, the writings of each participants, and the articles carried in The Report of Research Proje … More ct. What is worthy of special notice among others is the publication of The Translation with Annotation of the Treatise of Examination of the Song Dynastic History. This is an outcome of the scrupulous and detailed Translation with Annotation of each subchapter of the Treatise of Examination (Curricultins, examination by emperor, examination by examiner, examination of excellent junior candidates, and examination of persons of exceptional talent) of the Treatise, all depending upon an exhaustive documentation of key relevant sources. With proud we anticipate that the book will be a great contribution to the field.In addition, An Index to The Book of Bureaucratic Organization during the Yuanfeng Era as well as A Catalogue of the Japanese and Chinese Works on the Examination System, Both of which are included in The Report of Research Project, also will benefit the research into the systems of Song examination and bureaucracy a great deal.What has been left less studied during the term of 1990-1 includes (1) the investigation into the sub-chapters of School Examination, Methods of Premotion, Sponsorship, and System of Personnel Assignments (we need to study them further, comparing them with their counterparts in the Yuang and Ming periods), (2) the careful reading with annotation of the Codes of Bureau of Personnel in the Northern Song which survived in the Yunglo Grand Dictionary. Lastly, our final goal, or the elucidation of the processes of officials' recruitment has remained little studied. One of the reasons for that is taht during this project we had to employ more energy in the study of fundamentals of the examination and bureaucracy themselves, and the other is that our original plan of three-years project came to be reduced to two-years. We eagerly hope to resume our study in the near future on the basis of hitherto accumulated basic results of research. Less