Studies of the origines of the medieval cities in the Eastern Europe

在这一年里，我学习了东欧城市的起源。在东欧城市的起源问题上，主张将德国城市法移植到东欧的kolonisationtheory和强调城市自身进化的evolutiontheory之间曾存在争议。然而，第二次世界大战后的考古发掘调查证明了后一种理论的正确性。我研究了主要城市，特别是沃林、什切青、比斯库林、莱德尼察、格涅兹诺、莱齐卡、波兹南、德罗克劳和布拉格。根据这些研究的结果，我倾向于)a。认为东欧的城市发展有三个阶段。在第一步，这些城市的原始形式是城堡——所谓的格拉德（grad, hrad, gard, kreml），由坚固的城墙和深沟保护得足够。这片土地在建造之初，被用作部落的避难所。在后来的时期，作为当地强大的氏族及其保留的居住区。在第二阶段，为封建封建主和工匠建造了特殊的定居点。在第三阶段，这些定居点扩展了市场、商人区和许多基督教会机构。而且，在12世纪，当德国的城市法，尤其是弗达德堡的城市法被接受时，东欧的城市作为市民的组织已经完成。

During this year, I have studied about the origines of the Cities in the Eastern Europe. Regarding the origines of the cities in the Eastern Europe, there used to be controversies between the Kolonisationtheorie, which insists on the transplantation of the urban law of Gbrmany into the Eastern Europe, and the Evolutionstheorie, which emphasized on the autogenetic evolution of the cities. However, the investigation of the archaeological excavation after the World War II proved the tenability of the latter theory. I have studied about the principal cities, especially Wolin, Szczecin, Biscurin, Lednica, Gniezno, Leczyca, Poznan, droclaw and Prague. On thevround of the results of these studies, I wink to)a. ssert that there are three rhases of the urban development in the Eastern-Eurore.At the first step, the original form of these cities was the castle --so-called the grod (grad, hrad, gard, kreml), which was protected enough by the strong wall and the deep trench. This grod was, at the begining of its construction, utilized as a ulace of refuge for the triba. 1 group and, at a later period, as a residential quoter for the local uowerful clan and its retainera. At the second step, the peculier settlements were made for the feudal retainers and the craftsmen. At the third ster, this settlements were exuanded with the market, the district of the merchants and many institutions of the Christian church. And, in the 12th century, the cities of the Eastern Europe as the organization of burghers were completed, when the urban laws of Germany, especially Fdagdeburg, were accepted.