The Development of the Urban Centers in the Early Modern States of Europe

由于迄今为止的城市史研究主要集中在中世纪的城镇，而忽略了近代城市，因此本文旨在厘清近代早期城市的特征。为此，笔者以德国的柏林和慕尼黑为例进行了研究，这两个城市都是在世纪中期由领土君主建立的，作为市场和渡口。在14世纪，这两个城市都获得了市民的强大自治权，其中商人有一个强有力的领导。但是，在15世纪，领土国家意图压迫城镇的自治，并成功地使这两个城市处于从属地位。1700年，柏林成为普鲁士王国的首都，1806年，慕尼黑成为巴伐利亚王国的首都。国王的宫殿和政府办公室的巨大建筑为这两座城市增添了光彩。柏林和慕尼黑成为近代早期德国其他城市的典范。

The aim of this study is to clarify the characters of the cities in the early modern ages, because hitherto the historical studies of the cities had concentrated only on the towns in medieval ages and neglected the modern cities. For that purpose, I have researchd the cases of Berlin and Munchen in Germany.Both cities were founded on a riverside (Spree and Isar River) as a market and ferry by the territorial princes in the middle of the 12th century. In the 14th century, both cities had obtained a powerful autonomy of the citizens, of whom the merchants had a strong leadership. But, in the 15th century, the territorial states intended to opress the self-government of towns and succeeded in putting both cities to subordinate situation. Then Berlin became the capital of Prussian Kngdom (1700) and also Munchen became the capital of Bavarian Kingdom (1806).The palaces of King and the enormous buildings of the government office gave a splendid appearance to the cities. Berlin and Munchen became the model of other cities in Germany in the early modern ages.