Contractarian/Contractualist Theories from Giles of Rome to John Locke (c. 1280 - 1690)

从罗马的贾尔斯到约翰·洛克（c. 1280 - 1690）的契约论/契约主义理论

• 批准号: 524037622
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr. Christian Rode
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Philosophie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/524037622?language=en
• 关键词: Contractarian; Contractualist; Theories; Giles; Rome

What is the reason for our commitment to our community, to our state? How are our state and its government legitimized? The project attempts to show that there have been genuinely contractualist/contractarian philosophical answers to these questions throughout the whole period from about 1280 to 1690. In this context, "contractualist" or “contractarian” refers to a theory that assumes a deficient initial state, a consensus to leave it, and a sufficient final state. The form of this contractualist/contractarian argument is varied over the period covered, but remains relatively constant. The first working hypothesis is that it is the embedding in social, anthropological, and normative contexts that gives the mere consensus of the argument the necessary deontic force. These diverse functional embeddings will be investigated in the project. A further working hypothesis is that in Hobbes and Locke, then, these very embeddings, stemming from their empiricism, give contractarianism/contractualism greater force: through an individualization and de-substantialization of the good, through an open-endedness of the conception of happiness, and through a pleonectic theory of the acquisition of money, the entering into a social contract becomes more urgent than in theories that view man in principle as an animal civile/sociale. But these changes in the embeddedness of contractualism/contractarianism are also grounded in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, e.g., in Thomas Aquinas's Aristotelian proto-empiricism, in Ockham's particular political appreciation of the new and innovative, in Olivi's de-substantialization of the normative and its relational social ontology, and in Olivi's appreciation of the accumulation of capital. The proposed project will serve to trace the discontinuities and continuities in contractualist/contractarian theorizing, and thus to show how systematically viable late medieval and early modern contract-theoretical models are, including whether earlier forms of contractualism/contractarianism (such as Ockham’s or Marsilius’s) are in some respects superior to those of the seventeenth century. Moreover, the work should help to understand which of the changes and innovations of the development between ca. 1280 to 1690 still shape our present time. It would be desirable that especially the examination of earlier theories, e.g. of Suárez or Marsilius, which are less individualistic or atomistic in nature and do not commit themselves to unlimited growth and a pleonectic conception of happiness, helps to overcome today's one-sidedness - especially in view of the current multiple social crises, which have their origin, among other things, in the course set by the 17th century.

我们对我们的社区，对我们的国家的承诺是什么？我们的国家和政府是如何合法化的？该项目试图表明，在大约1280年至1690年的整个时期，这些问题都有真正的契约主义/契约主义哲学答案。在这种情况下，“契约主义”或“契约主义”指的是一种假设初始状态有缺陷，一致同意离开它，最终状态有充分的理论。这种契约主义/契约主义争论的形式在所涵盖的时期有所不同，但相对保持不变。第一个有效的假设是，在社会、人类学和规范背景下的嵌入，为论证的纯粹共识提供了必要的道义力量。这些不同的功能嵌入将在项目中进行研究。进一步工作的假设是霍布斯和洛克,然后,这些嵌入的,源于他们的经验主义,给契约/ contractualism更大的力量:通过个性化和de-substantialization好,通过一个开放性的幸福的概念,并通过pleonectic理论的收购资金,进入一个比理论认为社会契约越来越紧迫人原则上作为动物civile / sociale。但这些契约主义/契约主义嵌入性的变化也植根于13、14和15世纪，例如，托马斯·阿奎那的亚里士多德原始经验主义，奥卡姆对新事物和创新的特殊政治欣赏，奥利维对规范及其关系社会本体论的去实体化，以及奥利维对资本积累的欣赏。提议的项目将有助于追踪契约主义/契约主义理论的不连续和连续性，从而显示中世纪晚期和早期现代契约理论模型是如何系统可行的，包括早期形式的契约主义/契约主义（如奥卡姆或马西利乌斯的）是否在某些方面优于17世纪的契约主义/契约主义。此外，这项工作应该有助于理解，在大约1280年至1690年之间的发展中，哪些变化和创新仍然影响着我们现在的时代。尤其是对早期理论的考察，例如Suárez或马西利乌斯的理论，它们在本质上不那么个人主义或原子主义，也不致力于无限增长和对幸福的普遍概念，这有助于克服今天的片面性——特别是考虑到当前的多重社会危机，这些危机的起源，除其他外，在17世纪设定的课程中。