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History of an Idea of "Chemical Process" in Prewar

战前“化学过程”思想的历史

基本信息

批准号：
03680096
负责人：
JIDO Yuji
金额：
$ 0.7万
依托单位：
RITSUMEIKAN UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1991
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1991 至 1992
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

1. We studied the history of formation of the idea, "chemical process" in Japan concerning the followings :(1) historical changes of terminologies of operation, apparatus and process in the textbooks of chemical technologies, industrial chemistries, chemical engineering and other allied fields concerning acid industries and alkali ones in prewar Japan.(2) problems on chemical resources on which the development of combination processes depend.(3) a historical process of investigations on technologies in production processes in factories.(4) and effects that the industrial development in construction of chemical apparatus gave to the formation of the idea of "chemical process" in 1930s.2. We obtained the following results(1) main operations remained empirical in the sulfuric acid industry and iodide one where resources were abundant in Meiji period. To the contrary, in the case of the soda industry where resources were not always abundant, engineering methods were introduced and developed.(2) in 1930s, an scientific understanding on various chemical processes proceeded under the condition that chemical apparatuses had to be designed and constructed in Japan, but there remained many confusions in terminologies on "apparatus", "machine", "process" and allied ones.(3) discussions on the terminologies, "chemical machine" and "chemical apparatus" played an important role to progress the understanding on "chemical process", while "unit operation" in USA, and "Verfahren" or "Apparat" in Germany.

1. 我们从以下几个方面研究了日本“化学过程”概念的形成历史：(1)战前日本化学技术、工业化学、化学工程及其他有关酸碱工业的相关领域教科书中操作、设备和过程术语的历史变化。(2)组合工艺发展所依赖的化工资源问题。(3)对工厂生产过程中的技术进行研究的历史过程。(4) 20世纪30年代化工设备建设的工业发展对“化学过程”概念形成的影响。结果表明：(1)明治时期资源丰富的硫酸工业和碘化业的主要操作仍停留在经验阶段。相反，对于资源并不总是丰富的纯碱工业，则引入并发展了工程方法。(2) 20世纪30年代，日本在必须设计和制造化学仪器的条件下，对各种化学过程有了科学的认识，但在“仪器”、“机器”、“过程”及其相关术语上仍然存在许多混淆。(3)对“化学机器”和“化学装置”等术语的讨论对“化学过程”的理解起到了重要作用，而美国的“单元操作”和德国的“Verfahren”或“Apparat”则对“化学过程”的理解起到了重要作用。