History of an Idea of "Chemical Process" in Prewar

1.研究了“化学过程”思想在日本的形成历史，内容涉及：(1)战前日本化学技术、工业化学、化学工程等酸碱相关领域教科书中操作、仪器、过程等术语的历史变迁；(2)联合工艺发展所依赖的化学资源问题；(3)工厂生产工艺技术研究的历史过程；(4)1930年化学仪器建造工业发展对“化学过程”思想形成的影响。研究结果表明：(1)明治时期资源丰富的硫酸工业和碘化工业的主营业务仍然是经验性的。相反，在资源并不总是丰富的纯碱工业中，工程方法被引入和发展。(2)20世纪30年代，日本在必须设计和建造化学装置的情况下，对各种化学过程进行了科学的理解，但在“仪器”、“机器”、“过程”及其相关术语上仍存在许多混淆。(3)对术语的讨论，“化学机器”和“化学仪器”对促进对“化学过程”的理解起到了重要作用，而美国的“单元操作”和德国的“Verfahren”或“Apparat”。

1. We studied the history of formation of the idea, "chemical process" in Japan concerning the followings :(1) historical changes of terminologies of operation, apparatus and process in the textbooks of chemical technologies, industrial chemistries, chemical engineering and other allied fields concerning acid industries and alkali ones in prewar Japan.(2) problems on chemical resources on which the development of combination processes depend.(3) a historical process of investigations on technologies in production processes in factories.(4) and effects that the industrial development in construction of chemical apparatus gave to the formation of the idea of "chemical process" in 1930s.2. We obtained the following results(1) main operations remained empirical in the sulfuric acid industry and iodide one where resources were abundant in Meiji period. To the contrary, in the case of the soda industry where resources were not always abundant, engineering methods were introduced and developed.(2) in 1930s, an scientific understanding on various chemical processes proceeded under the condition that chemical apparatuses had to be designed and constructed in Japan, but there remained many confusions in terminologies on "apparatus", "machine", "process" and allied ones.(3) discussions on the terminologies, "chemical machine" and "chemical apparatus" played an important role to progress the understanding on "chemical process", while "unit operation" in USA, and "Verfahren" or "Apparat" in Germany.