Joint study on the biogeography around the Tsushima Current Regions

对马流起源的数值模拟表明，正压研究下的对马流基本上是由地转调整驱动的。济州岛周围的水团分布如下：冬季，黄海暖水通过小虎山岛南部海域流入黄海，而黄海冷水则通过太虚山岛向南流入。在小虎山岛和韩半岛之间，夏季，黄海底部冷水向南流入小虎山岛南部海域，黄海暖水通过太虚山岛流入黄海。济州岛沿岸共发现77只中上层桡足类动物。其中7种在黑潮地区也有发现。在初春、初夏、初冬，印度拟蟹呈3个丰度高峰；在夏、冬各有2个丰度高峰；在秋各有1个丰度高峰；对马岛阿苏湾和朝鲜半岛南岸表层沉积物中的现代鞭毛藻包囊由25种以上的裸子类、gonyaulacoid、结核类和peridinioid组成，其α多样性与地表水温度呈极显著正相关。在济州岛的两个地点采集钻孔岩心沉积物；西归浦西侧的通寿山。前者在基底附近含有Kikai-Akahoya火山灰层，后者可能记录了末次冰期以来的古环境变化。对丹州盆地沉积物孢粉学分析表明，末次最大冰期日本月桂林分布在南九州沿海地区。对马流区月桂叶乔灌木共发现129种；其中53种局限于日本岛屿，只有4种局限于韩国卫星岛。在岩石露头植被研究中，韩国杜鹃花主要分布在岩脊和峡谷壁生境。本文首次在济州岛发现了一种新的植物群——白杜鹃属。另一种室外作物——印加树（Carypters incana）也在这种植被覆盖较薄的栖息地被发现。对在朝鲜半岛、济州、后东、对马岛、Oki和鹿子岛采集的两相鱼类Plecogloss altivelis的淀粉凝胶电泳结果表明，除了福岛和Oki的种群可能是由人工方正效应建立的外，这些种群的基因频率没有显着差异。长崎、Coto、对马岛和朝鲜半岛东南部地区的牛头棘虱基因组成没有显著差异，表明这些种群仍然是统一的。然而，下对岛和中多利岛的种群具有独特的基因组成，这可能是由遗传随机漂变造成的。对对马和济州马的血蛋白电泳和线粒体dna的系统发育分析表明，对马和济州马在系统发育上有密切的亲缘关系，并推测它们的祖先可能是蒙古本土马普氏野马（Equus przewalski）。朝鲜半岛、济州、对马岛、益木、后藤和九州的Acrida lata、Atractomorpha bedeli和Gonista bicor种群具有多余染色体（b染色体），朝鲜半岛和九州的a.b deli种群具有多余染色体段的染色体多态性。这些事实证明，在末次冰期之前，九州与朝鲜半岛有联系。对切尾鳄（Crocothemis cervilia）的核形态分析表明，2n*=24 （n=12）型仅为日本岛种群特有，其边界南北位于天美岛和雅库岛之间，东西位于对马岛和朝鲜半岛之间。少

Numerical model used for understanding the origin of the Tsushima current suggests that the currents is basically driven by geostrophic adjustment under the barotropic study. The water mass distribution around Cheju Island is as follows ; In winter Yellow Sea Warm Water flows into the Yellow Sea through the southern sea of Sohuksando, and Yellow Sea Cold Water flows southward through Taehuksando are between Sohuksando and the Korean Peninsula, otherwise in summer Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water flow southward to the southern sea of Sohukusando and Yellow Sea Warm Water flows into the Yellow Sea through Taehukusando.77 pelagic copepods were found around the coast of Cheju Island, and 7 species of them which have been also observed in Kuroshio are predominant. Paracalanus indicus shows three peaks in abundance in early spring, early summer and early winter, Calanus sinicus, Acartia steuteri, Corycaeus affinis and Oncaea plumifera did two peaks in summer and winter, and A.omorii had a single … More peak in autumn.Modern dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments of Aso Bay of Tsushima Island and southern coast of the Korean Peninsula consists of more than 25 species of gymnodinioid, gonyaulacoid, tuberculodinioid and peridinioid groups, and also the strongly positive relation was observed between their alpha diversities and surface water temperatures.Boring core sediments were collected from two points in Cheju island ; Mt.Tong Su Ak and west of Sogwipo. The former sediments contained Kikai-Akahoya volcanic ash layr near the base, and the latter probably record the palaeoenvironmental change since the last glacial time.According to palynological analysis for sediments collected from the Danjo Basin, the Japanese laurel forest was distributed along the coastal area of South Kyushu in the last maximum glacial time.One-hundred and twenty-nine species of laurel-leaved trees and shrubs were found in the Tsushima Current regions ; of which 53 species were restricted to Japanese islands and only 4 to Korean satellites. In studies of rock outcrop vegetation, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense is distributed on those habitat of rocky ridges and gorge wall. A new plant association, Adino-Rhododendretum poukhanense, we first described from Cheju Island. Another out crop plant, Carypters incana, was found on such habitat with thin vegetation cover.A result of starch gel electtrophorensis for an amphidromous fish, Plecogloss altivelis collected from Korean Peninsula, Cheju, Goto, Tsushima, Oki and Kagoshima suggests that these population do not show any significant difference in gene frequency except for the populations of Fukue and Oki which probably established by the artificial founder effect.There are no significant differences in gene composition of Phxinus oxcephalus jouyi collected in Nagasaki, Coto, Tsushima and southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula, and this suggests that these populations are still uniform. However, the populations in Shimo-Tsushima and Nakadouri-jima have a distinct gene composition probably given by a genetic random drift.Phylogenetical investigation on native horses in Tsushima and Cheju by using electrophoresis for protein in blood and mitcondrian DNA-analysis revealed that these horses have closely relationship in phylogeney and also suggested that their ancestor may be Equus przewalskii, a native horse in Mongolia.Acrida lata, Atractomorpha bedeli and Gonista bicor populations in the Korean Peninsula, Cheju, Tsushima, Iki, Goto and Kyushu possessed supernumerary chromosomes (B-chromosomes), and A.bedeli populations in the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu showed a chromosomal polymorphism for a supernumerary segment. These facts support that Kyushu was connected with the Korean Peninsula before the last glacial age.A karyomorph analysis for Crocothemis cervilia suggests that a type of 2n*=24 (n=12) is endemic only for the population of the Japanese Island, and its boundaries are located between Amami Island and Yaku Island in the north-to-south, and between Tsushima and the Korean Peninsula in the east-to-west. Less