Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs of frogs and toads: from ontogeny to biomechanical mechanisms

尽管青蛙和蟾蜍（无尾目：无尾目）的形态相对保守，但在这一分支中进化出了多种多样的运动行为。众所周知，颅后骨骼的大部分都适应特定的运动行为。然而，肌肉结构的适应和肌肉骨骼系统中潜在的生物力学仍然知之甚少。前肢和胸带虽然对运动非常重要，但与骨盆带和后肢相比，很少受到关注。因此，我们打算分析与运动行为相关的不同前肢和胸带结构实现的生物力学原理，最终目的是推断和解释前肢和胸带肌肉骨骼系统的进化。鉴于在识别和命名肌肉单位方面的不一致，我们将首先研究肌肉个体发育，以提出在整个无尾动物系统发育以及无尾动物和无尾动物之间有充分支持的肌肉同源性。功能分析将使用多体动力学模拟和有限元分析进行。

Despite the otherwise comparably conserved morphology of frogs and toads (Lissamphibia: Anura), a large diversity of locomotor behaviors has evolved within this clade. It is well-known that most parts of the post-cranial skeleton are adapted to specific locomotor behaviors. Yet, adaptations in muscle configurations and the underlying biomechanics in the musculoskeletal system remain poorly understood. The forelimbs and pectoral girdle, although of high importance for locomotion, have gained little attention compared to the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs. We therefore intend to analyze the biomechanical principles underlying the realization of different forelimb and pectoral girdle configurations in relation to locomotor behaviors with the ultimate goal of inferring and explaining the evolution of the musculoskeletal system of the forelimbs and the pectoral girdle. Given inconsistencies in the identification and naming of muscle units, we will first study muscle ontogeny to suggest well-supported muscle homologies across the entire anuran phylogeny and between the Anura and Caudata. Functional analyses will be performed using multibody dynamics simulations and finite element analyses.