Form-function relationships of head capsules of early split biting-chewing insects in a phylogenetic framework

系统发育框架中早期分裂咬嚼昆虫头囊的形态与功能关系

• 批准号: 392464317
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Alexander Blanke
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/392464317?language=en
• 关键词: Form; function; relationships; head; capsules

Winged insects such as dragonflies and mayflies (=Palaeoptera), grasshoppers and allies (=Polyneoptera) or barklice (=Psocodea) mostly possess biting-chewing mandibles of the same principal construction. In contrast to this relative uniformity in basic mouthpart construction, head capsules show a great variety in shape. The reasons for this head capsule shape diversity, its consequences for head biomechanics and finally its likely interplay with ecological factors are unknown. The project will therefore investigate the variety of different head capsule types within early biting-chewing insects mechanically, in order to assess how different head shapes influence overall mechanical performance and, finally, the evolutionary fitness of the head system. The overall hypothesis is that distinct morpho- and mechanospaces within biting-chewing insects exist, which are more dependent on the ecological niche than on common ancestry. Moreover it is expected that these distinct mechanospaces permited only a limited number of shape change trajectories during the evolution of biting-chewing.The 3D head shape variation of a wide range of Palaeoptera, Polyneoptera and Psocodea (>400 species) will be quantitatively analysed with geometric morphometrics. Biomechanical simulation will then be carried out on a subset (~43 species) covering the main head capsule morphotypes using multibody dynamics analysis and finite element analysis. Material property, muscle property, and bite force measurements will serve as input variables for the biomechanical modelling to ensure an accurate representation of in vivo mechanics in the in silico models. The project will furthermore take into account the general ecological niche such as food spectrum, hunting type, etc. in order to test their influence on head mechanics and shape variation in a phylogenetic framework. Finally, modelling of the theoretical mechanical performance landscape of biting-chewing in relation to the actual performance landscape occupied by real species will allow to identify head shape change trajectories and involved trade-offs during the evolution and diversification of the biting-chewing system. The results will thus refine our understanding of insect evolution, with the project identifying which mechanical factors made insects such extraordinarily successful feeders, and why and how their heads evolved into so many different types.

有翅昆虫，如蜻蜓和蜉蝣（=古翅目）、蚱蜢及其盟友（=多翅目）或巴克斯（=裸翅目），大多数都具有相同的主要构造的咬-咀嚼下颚。与这种基本口器结构的相对一致性相比，头囊的形状变化很大。这种头部胶囊形状多样性的原因，其对头部生物力学的影响以及最终与生态因素的可能相互作用尚不清楚。因此，该项目将调查各种不同的头胶囊类型的早期咬咀嚼昆虫机械，以评估不同的头部形状如何影响整体机械性能，最后，头部系统的进化适应性。总体假设是，不同的形态和mechanospaces内咬咀嚼昆虫存在，这是更依赖于生态位比共同的祖先。此外，预计这些不同的机械空间只允许有限数量的形状变化轨迹在咬咀嚼的进化过程中。三维头部形状的变化，古翅目，多新翅目和Psocodea（>400种）的广泛的几何形态计量学将定量分析。然后，使用多体动力学分析和有限元分析对覆盖主要头囊形态类型的子集（约43个物种）进行生物力学模拟。材料特性、肌肉特性和咬合力测量值将作为生物力学建模的输入变量，以确保在计算机模型中准确表示体内力学。该项目还将考虑到一般的生态位，如食物谱，狩猎类型等，以测试它们对头部力学的影响和在系统发育框架中的形状变化。最后，建模的理论机械性能景观的咬咀嚼的实际性能景观所占据的真实的物种将允许识别头部形状的变化轨迹和涉及的权衡过程中的演变和多样化的咬咀嚼系统。因此，这些结果将完善我们对昆虫进化的理解，该项目将确定哪些机械因素使昆虫成为如此成功的饲养者，以及它们的头部为什么以及如何进化成如此多的不同类型。