Crustacean Biogeography in the Western Pacificdiversification processes of the littoral fauna

众所周知，尽管澳大利亚和新西兰在地理上相距遥远，但日本的沿海甲壳类动物群与它们有相当多的共同之处。这表明，在过去的地质时期，这些动物可能有来自特提斯海的共同祖先。该项目的目的是详细了解这些地区的甲壳类动物群在系统发育上是如何相关的，以及藻类植物群的某些方面是如何相关的。由于积累微区系数据（例如，从沉积物样本中采集标本）需要花费大量时间，因此本报告基于迄今为止获得的有限数据。在澳大利亚整个海岸的大约250个地点和新西兰的几个地点，从海草和藻类中收集了介形类样本。沉积物样品通过巢式筛子洗涤，在双筒显微镜下从干燥的沉积物中挑选出介形虫（主要是足类）标本。对介形类的聚类分析揭示了介形类生物地理省域的边界，并采用诱捕法对其进行了分类，目前正在与日本种进行比较形态学研究。“活化石”马纳瓦新西兰是唯一一个收集到“活化石”马纳瓦介形虫的地区。我们能够收集到大约10个该物种的活标本，并通过这些标本首次对Manawa进行了视频记录。一些新的发现是关于马那瓦人的行为模式。目前正在对生活在潮间带的藤壶的mtDNA进行处理，以确定来自日本的8种藤壶和来自澳大利亚的4种藤壶之间的遗传相似性。这些数据将用于研究物种形成过程。本研究采用浮游生物网皮潜法在大量地点采集了与海草有关的十足目（虾）斑虾，对其生物地理特征进行了研究。很明显，物种多样性随着纬度的升高而降低。在南极，这个分类群被长蛸科的种类所取代。从分类和地理分布的角度研究了红树林沼泽中十足类（蟹类）的生态特征。视频观察包括摆动模式在内的行为特征，有助于物种形成过程和物种水平系统发育的综合研究。一些物种的mtDNA正在被分析。藻类主要研究生活在微咸水中的藻类的基本种类多样化过程。Acrocarpia和Caulocyctis的种类特别值得关注，因为它们与日本的一些特有物种有密切的亲缘关系。少

It is known that the littoral crustacean fauna of Japan has a considerable number of elements in common with those of Australia and New Zealand, despite the geographical distance between them. This suggests that the faunas may have common ancestors from the Tethyan Sea in the geologic past. The aim of this project is to understand in detail how the crustacean faunas from these regions are related phylogenetically, and also how certain aspects of algal floras are related. As it takes much time to accumulate microfaunal data (e.g., picking specimens from sediment samples) , this report is based on the limited data obtained so far.Ostracoda Samples were collected from sea grass and algae at about 250 localities along the entire coast of Australia and several points in New Zealand. Sediment samples were washed through nested sieves, and ostracod (primarily podocopid) specimens were picked out from dry sediment under a binocular microscope. Cluster analyzes of the ostracod assemblages revea … More led that the boundaries of ostracod biogeographic provinces Myodocopid ostracods were also collected with a baited trap, and they are presently being studied in the light of comparative morphology with Japanese species.The 'living fossil' Manawa New Zealand is the only area in which the 'living fossil' ostracod Manawa has been collected alive. We were able to collect about 10 living specimens of the species, and with these specimens Manawa was video-recorded for the first time. Several new findings were mode concerning behavior of Manawa.Cirripedia The mtDNA of barnacles living in the intertidal zone is now being processed to determine the genetic similarities among 8 species from Japan and 4 species from Australia. This data will be used to investigate speciation processes.Decapoda (shrimps) Macura shrimps associated with sea grass were collected from a large number of localities using a plankton net while skin diving, to investigate the biogeography of the taxon. It became clear that the species diversity decreases with higher latitude. In the Antarctic the taxon is replaced by species of Palaemonidae.Decapoda (crabs) Ecological characteristics of species of Ocypodidae living in mangrove swamps were studied with respect to taxonomy and geographical distribution. Video-observation of behavioral characteristics, including waving pattern, are useful for integrated investigation of speciation processes and species-level phylogeny. The mtDNA of some species is being analyzed.Algae The main interest lies in the infraspecies diversification process of algae living in brackish water. Species of Acrocarpia and Caulocyctis are of special interest, for they are closely related to some endemic species of Japan. Less