Scalable virtual test bench for the integrated design and control of heat pumps and thermal storage in Carnot Batteries: Smooth

储能对于可再生能源高度渗透的分散式能源市场至关重要。因此，有必要在所有规模上包括广泛的电力储存能力。虽然电池在大规模上将受到限制，但卡诺电池是一项有前途的技术，在城市能源系统中具有潜在应用。卡诺电池可以集成到能源中心。如果可再生能源的电力过剩，卡诺电池会储存过剩的电力。然而，由于组件之间的相互作用以及可再生能源的波动导致的动态操作，系统的效率在很大程度上取决于设计和操作。准确评估卡诺电池的经济可行性需要综合设计方法。在早期设计阶段就已经对组件和操作策略进行了集成设计，最大限度地发挥了卡诺电池的潜力。该项目（两个资助阶段）提供了一个流体和非设计依赖的一维可扩展虚拟测试台，可用于逆系统设计和深入评估。该项目在第一个融资阶段确定了卡诺电池在城市能源系统中的使用案例。因此，一个简化的卡诺电池模型被集成到一个早期的开源规划工具（EHDO）中。基于卡诺电池的设计和进度的数学优化，可以提取系统需求。在关注充电过程的同时，该项目得出了热泵、蓄热和控制器的要求。现有的热存储模型被重新制定并集成到开源仿真模型库（AixLib/VCLib）中。这些模型用于硬件在环实验。该实验装置允许在实验室规模上分析具有两种不同制冷剂的真实的热泵与两种不同的模拟蓄热技术之间的相互作用。在实验验证的基础上，建立可扩展的虚拟测试平台。第二个资助阶段扩大了虚拟测试台的规模，以评估实验室规模和城市能源系统规模的最佳设计和控制。因此，虚拟试验台架扩展的变工况涡轮压缩机模型。采用集成设计优化方法，确定了设计参数和控制参数。最优控制参数在实验室进行了实验验证。在最后一步中，扩展和验证的虚拟测试台架被按比例放大，以匹配在第一融资阶段中规划工具的拟议设计。由规划工具假设的最佳操作时间表与虚拟测试台所示的实际操作进行比较。基于潜在的偏差，新的操作边界条件可以迭代地评估EHDO。因此，EHDO和可扩展虚拟测试台的结合为城市能源系统中经济可行的卡诺电池铺平了道路。

Energy storage is essential for decentralized energy markets with high penetration of energy from renewable sources. Therefore, it is necessary to include extensive electricity storage capacities at all scales. While electric batteries will be limited at large scale, Carnot Batteries are promising technologies with potential applications in urban energy systems. Carnot Batteries can be integrated into energy hubs. If there is a surplus of electricity from renewable energy sources, a Carnot Battery stores the surplus. However, due to the interactions between the components and their dynamic operation due to the fluctuations of renewables, the system's efficiency strongly depends on the design and operation. Assessing the economic feasibility of Carnot Batteries accurately requires integrated design approaches. An integrated design of the components and operating strategy already in the early design stages maximizes the potential of Carnot Batteries. This project (two funding phases) provides a fluid- and off-design dependent 1D-scalable virtual test bench that can be used for inverse system design and in-depth assessment. The project identifies use cases for Carnot Batteries in urban energy systems in the first funding phase. Therefore, a simplified Carnot Battery model is integrated into an early-stage, open-source planning tool (EHDO). Based on the mathematical optimization of the design and schedule for the Carnot Battery, system requirements can be extracted. While focusing on the charging process, the project derives heat pumps, thermal storage, and controller requirements. Existing thermal storage models are reformulated and integrated into open-source simulation model libraries (AixLib/VCLib). These models are used in hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The experimental setup allows analyzing the interaction between a real heat pump with two different refrigerants and two different emulated thermal storage technologies at the lab scale. Based on experimental validation, a scalable virtual test bench will be set up. The second funding phase scales up the virtual test bench to assess the optimal design and control at a lab scale and urban energy system scale. Therefore, the virtual test bench is extended by an off-design turbo compressor model. Using integrated design optimization, the design and control parameters are defined. The optimal control parameters are experimentally validated in the lab. In the last step, the extended and validated virtual test bench is scaled up to match the proposed design of the planning tool in funding phase one. The optimal operation schedule assumed by the planning tool is compared to the realistic operation shown by the virtual test bench. Based on potential deviations, new operational boundary conditions can iteratively be evaluated with EHDO. Therefore, the combination of EHDO and scalable virtual test bench pave the way towards economically feasible Carnot Batteries in urban energy systems.