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The Process of Modernization of Law and Society in Japan and Europe : Historical Studies of Concepts and Social Relationship.

日本和欧洲的法律和社会现代化进程：概念和社会关系的历史研究。

基本信息

批准号：
07302001
负责人：
OGAWA Kozo
金额：
$ 2.88万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1997
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The aim of this project is to explore the process of the modernization of law and society in Japan and Europe from comparative perspective. The basic method is historical analysis of some important concepts and their social background.The Kingship acquired its central position in the European constitutional history through the development of the organic theory of state during the later antiquity. This theory corresponds sociologically to an ambivalent relationship between kingship and nobility.The nobility organized itself in a horizontal body in order to defend its interests against the growing kingship in the later middle ages, while it had a very complicated relationship with cities and citizens.The taxation, a typical function of the state, developed from activities of the ancient citizens which aimed at displaying their honorable position toward their fellow-citizens (evergetisme). In the fifth century AD,the system to collect tax collapsed and the land rent began to predominate.The central activity of the European state remained jurisdictional until early modern age. In the concept of law and justice, there was a great difference between Japan and Europe in the Middle Ages. The basic image of justice in the "Sachsenspiegel" was the Court of Landrecht which corresponds conceptually to God as judge. The jurisdictional activity in Japan had a tendency to resemble the customary and formal deeds the knowledge of which was inherited in the families (kojitsu).The fundament of the modern society in Japan was created in the Meiji-era. It is important to discard the concept of feudalism in order to grasp the structure of the constitution of this age. For the understanding of the absolutism in Europe, the idea of "title" which served to legitimate the power of the state, is crucial.

该项目的目的是从比较的角度探讨日本和欧洲的法律和社会现代化进程。其基本方法是对一些重要概念及其社会背景进行历史分析，王权在欧洲宪政史上的核心地位是通过后世有机国家理论的发展而确立的。这一理论在社会学上与王权和贵族之间的矛盾关系相对应。中世纪晚期，贵族为了捍卫自己的利益而组成了一个横向机构，以对抗日益壮大的王权，而它与城市和公民的关系却非常复杂。赋税是一种典型的国家职能，是从古代公民旨在展示自己对同胞的荣誉地位的活动中发展而来的。公元5世纪，税收系统崩溃，地租开始占据主导地位。直到近代早期，欧洲国家的中心活动一直保持着管辖权。中世纪的日本和欧洲在法律和正义的观念上有很大的不同。《萨克森斯皮格尔》中正义的基本形象是兰德雷希特法院，它在概念上与作为法官的上帝相对应。日本的司法活动有一种类似于习惯和正式的行为的趋势，这些行为的知识是在家庭中继承的(曲棍术)。日本现代社会的基础是在明治时代建立的。要把握这个时代的宪法结构，重要的是摒弃封建主义观念。对于理解欧洲的专制主义来说，“头衔”这一用来使国家权力合法化的概念是至关重要的。