Medieval Revival and its Transfiguration in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain

这项为期三年的研究题为《中世纪复兴及其在十八世纪和十九世纪布鲁坦的变形》，首先聚焦于英国古代宗教领袖德鲁伊的形象，以及这一形象在世纪中如何转变。例如，在18世纪初，威廉·斯图克利展示了他对巨石阵和奥德里等考古遗迹的兴趣。他将这些古老的纪念碑与德鲁伊教纪念碑联系在一起。对英国古代文物的这种兴趣反映了不断变化的知识氛围，对自己过去的积极重新评估，如德鲁伊教。18世纪对德鲁伊教的看法显著地从狂热的野蛮人物转变为自由的捍卫者；威廉·梅森的加拉塔克斯和托马斯·格雷的诗人就是其中的例子。威尔士的凯尔特复兴运动准备了英国中世纪主义：这场运动旨在保护古代手稿，并使包括托马斯·格雷在内的英国古物学家能够接触到古代威尔士的英语手稿，从而增强了中世纪的兴趣。对中世纪的兴趣带来了西克·托马斯·马洛里的莫特·达图尔版本，这是亚瑟王的故事。亚瑟王的流行迅速证明了这部作品的频繁重印，创造了读者，并在19世纪中叶亚瑟王复兴时期结出了果实。德鲁伊把自己的位置让给了亚瑟王：通常与自由联系在一起的德鲁伊可能被视为极端危险的象征人物，而亚瑟王毕竟是国王，体现了安全可靠的托利主义。

The three-year research entitled "The Medieval Revival and its Transfiguration in Eightengh- and Nineteenth-century Brutain" first focuses on the figure of the Druid, the religious leader in ancient Britain and on how the figure transformed during the century.In the beginning of the eighteenth century, William Stukeley, for example, demonstrated his interest in archaeological remains such as Stonehenge and Audry. He associated these ancient monuments with druidical monuments. Such interest in British ancient relics reflects the changing intellectual climate, the positive reassessment of their own past, as represented by figures such as the Druids.The eighteenth-century view of the Druids notably changes from a fanatic barbarous figure to the defender of liberty ; William Mason's Garactacus and Thomas Gray's The Bard are among the examples. Celtic Revival movement in Wales prepared English Medievalism : the movement aimed at preserving ancient manuscripts and made English antiquarians, including Thomas Gray, accessible to ancient Welsh manuscripts in English, thus enhancing medieval interest. The interest in the Middle Ages brought out the editions of Sik Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, the story of King Arthur. The popularity of King Arthur quickly attested the frequent reprints of the work, creating the reader, and dearing fruit in mid-nineteenth century Arthurian Revival. The druid yielded its place to King Arthur : the druid, often associated with liberty, may have been regarded as radically dangerous emblematic figure, while King Arthur is a king after all, embodying safe reassuring Toryism.