A Basic Theory of Antimonopoly Law and Economic Law

20世纪90年代日本反垄断法或经济法领域的理论似乎与美国的新自由主义理论有着密切的关系。芝加哥反垄断法学派是美国典型的新自由主义理论，它的功利主义基础是根据消费者剩余和生产者剩余的增减来判断行为的合法性，还有一种倾向，即只要买卖双方同意，一切事物都可以而且应该通过自由市场进行交换。反补贴替代理论要考察的主题是：1)如何设定商品化的限度(市场边界的限制)；2)如何建立权利理论，以反对财富最大化的功利主义原则(基于权利理论的市场内涵结构化)。至于市场的边界，我们可以根据M.J.拉丁的市场不可异化理论来决定。在市场内涵的结构化方面，我们应该借鉴罗尔斯的正义理论，在人们的需要之间设定优先顺序。也就是说，一个与平等主义市场经济相对应的法律结构模式，除了需要将差异原则制度化，即将自然人才成果在竞争者之间的分配制度制度化之外，还需要确定基本生存权或生命健康权、作为人权的财产权、中小企业财产权和垄断财产之间的优先顺序。日本的许多放松管制的措施也应该从市场边界的限制和市场内涵的结构化的角度进行评估。

Theories in the field of Japanese anti-monopoly law or economic law in 1990s appear to have close relationships with the Neo-liberalistic theories in the United States. Chicago School of Antitrust Law is a typical Neo-liberalistic theory in America, which has an utilitarian basis that legality of a conduct is judged according to the increase or decrease of the consumers' surplus and the producers' surplus, and an inclination toward "universal commodification" that all things can and should be exchanged through the free market insofar as the seller and the buyer agree.Themes for a countervailing alternative theory to examine are :1) how limits of commodification should be set (limitation of the market boundary) and2) how a theory of rights must be established against the utilitarian principle of wealth maximization (rights-theory based structuralization of the market connotation).As to the boundary of the market, we can decide it according to M.J.Radin's theory of market-inalienability. As to the structuralization of the market connotation, we should learn from J.Rawls's theory of Justice and set the order of priority among people's requires. That is, it is necessary for a model of the legal structure corresponding to egalitarian market economy to set the order of priority among foundational rights to live or to life and health, property rights as human rights, medium-sized enterprises's property rights and monopoly property, in addition to an institutionalization of the Difference principle, that is an institutionalization of a system to distribute outcomes of natural human talents among competitors.Many measures of deregulation in Japan should also be evaluated from the viewpoint of limitation of the market boundary and the structuralization of the market connotation.