A fundamental study of Japanese ancient times seraglio system tried to keep the historical change of palace and capital space

对日本古代后宫制度的基础研究试图保留宫殿和都城空间的历史变迁

• 批准号: 09610336
• 负责人: HASHIMOTO Yoshinori
• 金额: $ 2.24万
• 依托单位: Yamaguchi University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1997 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09610336/
• 关键词: Kokyu (seraglio); kunin (female servants in residence at Miya); kyuto (Palace and Capital); Dairi (inner palace, Imperial Palace); Structure of space; 藤原京; 恭仁宮; 太上天皇宮; 女官; 女性; 空間

Before the Ritsuryo Law System was introduced in the 7th century, every residence of the royal family members- the Emperor (or Okimi), Empresses (Kisaki), Princes (Miko) and Princesses (Himemiko)-was called a Miya. Accordingly, there used to be a considerable number of Miyas in and around Asuka. The female servants in residence at Miyas were called "Kunin" Iiteirally meaning "a Miya person" -and closely related with Miyas. However, when the honorific title "Okimi" was changed into "Tenno" at the end of the 7th century, the word Miya began to be applied only to the residences of Tenno (Emperor), Kogo (Mother of the Crown Prince) and Kotaishi (Crown Prince). As the number of Miyas decreased ; the range of people entitled as Kunin narrowed. But then, the start of the Ritsuryo System brought about an addition to the rank of nobility to be served by Kunins : the Daijo Tenno (ex-Emneror). Originally the Daijo Tenno and the reigning Tenno shared the inner palace (Dairi), but in the mid-8th ce … More ntury, the reigning Tenno and the Daijo Tenno started to live senarately inside Kuni Palace. Until the latter half of the Nara Period, a Tenno and Daijo Tenno lived in two different Miyas inside the Palace. When Heijo Daijo Tenno planned to transfer the capital at the beginning of the 9th century, the construction of a new Miya and even a new metropolis independent of the reigning Tenno's capital city was intended. Actually, the plan was never put into practice : the Daijo Tenno was held in subjection to the reigning Tenno, if only ritually ; the residence of the Daijo Tenno ceased to be called a Miya. Meanwhile, it had been customary since the end of the 6th century for Kisakis to live separately from their Okimi. This custom survived until the middle of the Nara Period, even after Okimi was renamed Tenno. However, when Tenchi Tenno's rather than Tenmu Tenno's lineage became the legitimate imperial lineage at the end of the Nara Period, Tenno's legal wife Kogo quit her independent Miya and started to live with Tenno inside the Dairi. In time, other Kisakis followed suit, Eventually, Kokyu (the Imperial seraglio, literlly" the Miya in the back") was established inside the Dairi as a living space that Kisakis and Kunins shared. In the reign of Saga Tenno, the Kokyu was organized with Kisakis and Kunins who served the Tenno, with the Kogo heading the list. This is the way the Kokyu came to be, and the vicissitude of the concept of the Kokyu reflects the change in the status differences between men and women of nobility at the watershed period between the late Nara and early Heian Periods, when aristocratic Janan was turning from a matrilineal (or sexually equal) into a rcatriarchal society, and accordingly the political and social standing of women was on the decline. Less

在世纪引入律令制度之前，皇家成员的每一个住所-皇帝（或冲见），皇后（木崎），王子（美子）和公主（姬美子）-都被称为宫。因此，在明日香及其周围曾经有相当数量的宫家。居住在宫屋的女仆被称为“Kunin”，字面意思是“宫屋人”--与宫屋关系密切。然而，当尊称“Okimi”在世纪末被改为“Tenno”时，Miya一词开始仅适用于天皇（皇帝），Kogo（皇太子的母亲）和Kotaishi（皇太子）的住所。随着Miya数量的减少，被称为Kunin的人的范围缩小了。但是，随着律令制度的开始，Kunins所服务的贵族等级增加了一个：Daijo Tenno（前Emneror）。最初，大条天皇和执政的天皇共享内宫（大里），但在8世纪中期， ...更多信息 后来，在位的天皇和大条天皇开始在国二宫里过着幸福的生活。直到奈良时代的后半期，天皇和大条天皇住在宫殿内的两个不同的宫里。世纪初，当平条大条天皇计划迁都时，他打算建造一个新的宫，甚至是一个独立于执政的天皇首都的新的大都会。事实上，这个计划从未付诸实施：大条天王被认为是统治天王的附庸，如果只是仪式上的话;大条天王的住所不再被称为宫。与此同时，自世纪末以来，木崎人与他们的冲见分开居住已经成为习惯。这种习俗一直延续到奈良时代中期，甚至在冲见改名为天皇之后。然而，在奈良末期，当天王的血统而不是天王的血统成为合法的皇室血统时，天王的法律的妻子Kogo离开了她独立的Miya，开始与天王一起生活在Dairi。随着时间的推移，其他Kisakis也纷纷效仿，最终，Kokyu（帝国seraglio，字面意思是“后面的Miya”）被建立在Dairi内，作为Kisakis和Kunins共享的生活空间。在佐贺天皇统治时期，Kokyu由Kisakis和Kunins组成，他们为天皇服务，Kogo为首。这就是国休的产生方式，国休概念的演变反映了奈良晚期与平安时代早期之间的分水岭时期贵族男女地位差异的变化，当时贵族雅南正从母系（或性别平等）社会转变为贵族社会，女性的政治和社会地位随之下降。少

项目成果

橋本義則: "平安時代のトイレと便器に関する予察" トイレ遺構の総合的研究. 89-115 (1998)

桥本义典：《关于平安时代厕所和马桶的预测》厕所遗迹综合研究89-115（1998）。

橋本義則: "パソコン「古代史研究」事始め" 日本歴史. 602. 34-45 (1998)

桥本义典：“计算机古代史研究的开端”日本历史。602. 34-45 (1998)

Yoshinori HASHIMOTO: "Two "Dairi (Imperial Palace)" excavated with Kunil Imnerial Palece site"JOURNAL OF THE LITERARY OF YAMAGUCHI UNIVERSITY. VOL51. (2001)

桥本义典：“与国一内宫遗址一起出土的两个“大里””山口大学文学杂志。

橋本義則: "古代貴族の栄墓と「家」"公家と武家II-「家」の比較文明史的考察-. 112-132 (1999)

桥本义典：“古代贵族的光荣陵墓及其‘房屋’”《贵族与武士 II-‘房屋’的比较文明历史研究》- 112-132 (1999)。

Yoshinori HASHIMOTO: "Tentative Observations on the Construction of the Fujiwara Capital : A Reexamination of Historic Materials on the Fujiwara Capital Construction and the Name of the Capital"MEMOIRS OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INS

桥本义德：《藤原都城建设的试探：藤原都城建设及都城名称史料的重新审视》奈良国立文化财产研究所回忆录