Study on Shanshan and the military agricultural colonies in Loulan, and study on relations between Shanshan Loulan and surrounding areas

本研究由以下三部分组成：1.考察了有关鄯善、楼兰及其周边地区的文献。特别是楼兰和罗布泊，这是一个2000多文献的名单。这份名单中90%以上是成功获得的，并将该名单公布为“楼兰和罗布泊书目，第一次证明”。通过对楼兰古城遗址的调查，明确了以下几点：1）楼兰古城并非建于前汉时代; 2）迁都时不可能更名; 3）楼兰与罗布泊的关系至关重要; 4）从Thnhuang到城堡的路线走在罗布泊的北侧;（5）《喀罗西斯文献》没有将这座古堡与城堡等同起来;（6）北魏时代，月氏城堡被称为“东方古堡”;（7）石城臣显然是查克利克。因此，可以得出结论，城市是在侯汉时代的前半部分向南转移到Charkhlik的。结合楼兰遗址出土的文献资料，重新审视魏宾时期楼兰的状况，特别是对楼兰水利开发与农业发展的关系、楼兰与周边地区的军警活动、楼兰与周边地区的贸易关系等问题进行了探讨。据认为，楼兰不仅守住了西夷南路的路线，而且还观察到了喀喇沙人在北方路和天山一带的活动。此外，楼兰举行了密切的军事关系，吐鲁番和吴池李孝威。至于它与中国各地区的关系，有人认为它与敦煌有着特殊的经济联系，特别是在前梁时代，有许多官僚和士兵来自古茨昂和敦煌。

This study consists of the following three parts ;1. The literature on Shanshan, Loulan and their peripheries is examined. A special attention is paid on the Loulan and Lop-nor, which a list of more than 2000 literature is made. More than 90% of this list is successfully obtained, and the list is published as "Bibliography on the Loulan and Lop-nor, the first proof'.2. Through the investigation on the Loulan's ruin, following points are made clear 1) It is not in the former Han's Era that Loulan's old castle was built ; 2) Renaming the city is impossible at the time of the transfer of the capital ; 3) The relation between Loulan and Lop-nor is crucial ; 4) The route from Thnhuang to the city-castle runs north-side of Lop-nor ; 5) the Kharosthis documents does not identify the old castle with the city-castle ; 6) In the North Wei's era, the Yueni castle was called as 'The east old castle" ; and 7) Shichengchen is apparently Charklik. Therefore it can be concluded that the city was transferred southward to Charkhlik in the first half of Hou Han's era.3. The Loulan's situation in the Wei-Cbin's era is re-examined with the documents unearthed from Loulan's ruin, in particular focusing on the link between the development of water-utilization and agriculture, its military- and police activities with the peripheries, and its trade relations with the peripheries. It is argued that Lou-lan not only secured Hsiyii Southern Road route, but also observed the Kara-shahr's activity regarding to Northern Road and Tienshan. Also, Lou-lan held close military relations with Turfan and Wu-chi lisiaowei. As for its relations with Chinese districts, it is argued that it had a special economic link with Tunhuang, and there would have been many bureaucrats and soldiers coming from Kuts'ang as well as from Tunhuang especially in the former Liang era.