An Archaeological Research for Prehistoric Obsidian Mining Activity in Takayama Obsidian Resource Sites in Nagano

长野高山黑曜石资源点史前黑曜石开采活动的考古研究

• 批准号: 08401013
• 负责人: TOZAWA Mitsunori
• 金额: $ 9.79万
• 依托单位: MEIJI UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1996 至 1998
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-08401013/
• 关键词: Jomon age; Obsidian resource; Prehistoric mining activity.; Archaeology; 黒耀石; 原産地遺跡; 黒耀石採掘址; 旧石器時代; 縄文土木技術; 石材採掘; 中部高地

Takayama obsidian resources sites locate in Chiisagata district of Nagano prefecture. Takayama prehistoric sites research group of Meiji university has continually excavated Takayarna obsidian resource sites since 1984. In 1991, we discovered an obsidian mining site in the Jomon age at the Hosikuso pass. This report will touch on an outline of the research and study on the obsidian mining sites conducted through 1995 into 1998.In the Jomon age, obsidian was mined between the Hosikuso pass and mountain side of Mt. Musikura. Numerous ground depressions in the form of craters can be observed on the land surface even now. Measurements of all depressions (field researches in 1992, 93 and 98) show that there are 195 obsidian mining marks, "Saikutu-ri", in total, and that distribution of them is about 43, OOOrri as a whole. All over the area has a topography dug up and reconstructed in the Jornon age.By the way, the result of investigating undergr&und deposits by boring-stick at Hosikuso pass … More , there have been some piles of earth and sand dumped at the mining around 3 meters deep at the most on a col of the Hosikuso pass. Then, present flat land form of the Pass is artificial, which was made by Jomon peoples mining activities and accumulation of earth and sand dumped by them at that time. Our group succeeded to turn up one of mining pits as it was shaped at excavation area B-I in 1997 - The shape of 01st mining pit is oval in a bird's-eye view and about 2.5 meters deep. A way of mining pit digging is as follows. First, they dug a wide and shallow hole in ground. Next, they excavated almost vertically aiming toward obsidian deposit. Finally, they mined obsidian after boring small holes of around 50 cm across or a kind of tunnels.The excavation area B-I including 01st mining pit and some other features, yielded many fragments of Jomon pottery made in incipient period of the Jomon age (around 9,000-10,000 years ago). We suppose that Jomon people could have already begun obsidian mining activities in that period. Careful investigation must be needed, however, because it is extremely early period as the beginning of mining underground resources (raw materials for stone tools) from the view point of world prehistory.We were able to turn up tens of thousands of stone debris industry made from obsidian at the excavation area B-i. Obviously Jomon people processed obsidian raw materials mined in the mining pits on the spots. Then, they carried a part of industry out to areas neighboring Takayama as materials for stone tools (arrowheads, some kinds of scrapers and so on).Jomon people at Talcayarna used "Bipolar technique" for processing obsidian raw materials. The excavation area B-I yielded more than 400 of anvil stones and hammer stones to percuss obsidian raw materials.Palaeolithic people who visited Takayama sites about 15,000 years ago quarried obsidian raw materials fallen down from the Hosikuso pass, and made myriad stone tools with it. On the other hand, Jomon people mined obsidian raw materials under the ground, and made many stone tools as well. Thus, we can trace big change in prehistoric technology from surface quarrying to mining underground of raw materials in Takayama obsidian resource sites. Takayanxa obsidian mining sites were one of Japanese "Prehistonc mines Less

高山黑曜石资源点位于长野县千下县。明治大学高山史前遗址研究组自1984年以来，不断发掘高山黑曜石资源遗址。1991年，我们在细久庄山口发现了绳文时代的黑曜石矿场。本报告将概述 1995 年至 1998 年期间对黑曜石开采地点进行的调查和研究。在绳文时代，黑曜石是在 Hosikso 山口和 Musikura 山山腰之间开采的。即使现在，在陆地表面仍可以观察到许多火山口形式的地面凹陷。对所有凹陷的测量（1992年、93年和98年的实地研究）表明，黑曜石开采痕迹“Saikutu-ri”共有195个，总体分布约为43个，OOOrri。整个地区都是乔农时代挖掘和重建的地形。顺便说一下，在细久庄山口用钻杆调查地下沉积物的结果是，在细久庄山口的山口，采矿处有一些堆积的土和沙，最深约3米。那么，现在的关口平坦地貌是人造的，是绳文人的采矿活动和当时倾倒的土砂堆积而成的。我们组在1997年成功地发现了B-I挖掘区的一个矿坑——01号矿坑鸟瞰形状为椭圆形，深约2.5米。采矿坑的挖掘方法如下。首先，他们在地上挖了一个又宽又浅的洞。接下来，他们几乎垂直地挖掘黑曜石矿床。最后，他们在钻出直径约 50 厘米的小孔或一种隧道后开采黑曜石。挖掘区域 B-I 包括 01 号采矿坑和其他一些特征，出土了许多绳纹时代初期（约 9,000-10,000 年前）制作的绳文陶器碎片。我们推测绳文人可能在那个时期就已经开始了黑曜石开采活动。但必须仔细调查，因为从世界史前的角度来看，地下资源（石器原料）的开采还处于极其早期的时期。在B-i发掘区，我们发现了数以万计的用黑曜石制成的石制品工业碎片。显然，绳文人对现场采矿坑中开采的黑曜石原料进行了加工。然后，他们将一部分工业带到了高山附近的地区，作为石器（箭头、某些刮刀等）的材料。塔尔卡亚纳的绳文人使用“双极技术”来加工黑曜石原料。 B-I 发掘区出土了 400 多块用于敲击黑曜石原料的砧石和锤石。大约 15,000 年前访问高山遗址的旧石器时代人们采集了从穗久庄山口落下的黑曜石原料，并用其制作了无数石器。另一方面，绳文人在地下开采黑曜石原料，也制作了许多石器。因此，我们可以在高山黑曜石资源点追溯史前技术从地面采石到地下开采原材料的巨大变化。 Takayanxa 黑曜石矿场是日本的“史前矿山”之一。