Motion and stereoscopic depth perception under dichoptic presentation with interocular temporal dispaity.

当立体对的左右图像互换时，双目视差完全颠倒，但我们倾向于感知正常的凸面而不是凹面，类似于3D形状的中空面错觉。我们通过操纵视差和熟悉度因素，用立体图片检验了这种错觉。方法。具有正常、零视差和反视差的立体照片被呈现在CRT屏幕上，并通过镜面立体显微镜观看。受试者被要求通过3AFC方法识别视差类型。结果，在实验1中，描绘人脸、雕像和建筑物的立体照片被无限制地呈现给未受过训练的受试者。与我们的预期相反，反转的差距很容易被发现。平均正确率为60%(概率=33%)，但面部刺激的正确率较低。在实验2中，只呈现面部刺激500ms。视差和对比度的极性也被操纵。在这种较短的持续时间内，随着差距的扩大，反向差距的检测有可能提高。然而，在反转亮度对比度(摄影底片)的情况下，检测能力显著提高。在另一项单独的实验中，我们还通过呈现倒置的面部刺激来检验方位的影响。表现有所改善，但与对比度反转相比，影响不大。结论。对比度相反或面部颠倒的刺激导致错觉减弱，这表明熟悉因素起到了作用，但这些因素可能会被低水平的视差信号所覆盖，这表明不同深度线索系统之间的复杂动力学。结果还表明，与van den Enden&Spekreijse()的猜想相反，纹理梯度不是决定因素，因为它在对比度反转或反转刺激中都保持不变。

When the left and right pictures of a stereo pair are interchanged, binocular disparity is completely reversed, but we tend to perceive a normal convex rather than a concave face, similar to the hollowface illusion with 3D shapes. We examined this illusion with stereo pictures by manipulating disparity and familiarity factors. Method. Stereo photographs with normal, zero, and reversed disparity were presented on a CRT screen and viewed through a mirror stereoscope. Subjects were asked to identify the disparity type by a 3AFC method. Results, In Expt 1, stereo photographs depicting human faces, statues, and buildings were presented for an unlimited duration to untrained subjects. Contrary to our expectations, reversed disparity was detected fairly easily. The average correct rate was 60% (chance=33%), but less for facial stimuli. In Expt 2, only facial stimuli were presented for 500ms. Disparity and contrast polarity were also manipulated. With this short duration, detection of reversed disparity was at chance level improving as disparity became exaggerated. With reversed luminance contrast (photographic negatives), however, detection was dramatically improved. We also examined the effect of orientation, in a separate experiment, by presenting inverted facial stimuli. Performance improved, but the effect was modest compared to contrast reversal. Conclusion. The weakened illusion with reversed-contrast or upside-down facial stimuli suggests a contribution of familiarity factors, but such factors could be overridden by a low-level disparity signal, indicating complex dynamics among different depth cue systems. The results also indicate that, contrary to van den Enden & Spekreijse's (1989) conjecture, texture gradient cannot be a determining factor since it is kept constant in either contrast-reversed or inverted stimuli.