Research on the Perception of the West in China in 1860s and the Pin Chun Mission <final title of project : The Western Experiences and the Change of World View of the First Chinese Embassy to England (1877-79)>

本研究的最初目的是通过分析外交家张德义（1854-1921）的观点，揭示清末中国传统世界观的变化。张德义在1866年的品春使团之后，以各种旅行和任务访问了西方八次。然而，随着研究的深入，它的范围被扩大为新的标题《西方经验与中国第一个驻英使馆的世界观变化》。它现在包括对中国第一任驻英公使郭嵩焘（1818-1891）和中国第一任副公使刘锡洪（日期不详）的分析。1877年至1879年，张德义作为首任中国驻英国大使驻扎在英国。我的分析集中在他们的传统世界观是如何随着他们在西方的经历而发展起来的。我考虑了当时中国人通常持有的两种观点的变化：第一，中国文明……更多的文明是唯一的普遍文明，第二，假设中国是世界中心的传统世界秩序。刘锡洪是一个老派的知识分子，对洋务没有什么热情，他的世界观也没有因为他的经历而改变。然而，他对西方的评价确实发生了巨大的变化。他不再认为西方仅仅是由未开化的野蛮国家组成的。郭嵩焘同样是一位老派知识分子，但热衷于洋务，他对世界秩序的看法确实发生了变化。他吸收了一种以西方为中心的新世界观，但又设法保留了他对中国文明的传统看法。另一方面，张德义则拥护以西方为中心的世界秩序。他似乎试图寻找中西方文明的原创性，而不是采取中国文明是唯一的普遍文明的传统观点。虽然这项研究尚未完成，但我认为这是一种创新的方法，可以补充其他关于清末中国知识分子世界观如何演变的研究。少

The original aim of this research was to reveal changes in the traditional Chinese world view at the end of the Qing dynasty by analyzing the views of Zhang De-yi (1854-1921), a diplomat who visited the West eight times on various tours and assignments following the Pin Chun mission of 1866. As the research progressed, however, its scope was broadened under the new title The Western Experiences and the Change in World View of the First Chinese Embassy to England. It now includes an analysis of Guo Song-tao (1818-1891), the first Chinese Minister to England, and Liu Xi-hong (dates unknown), the first Chinese Vice Minister. Their stay in England coincided with that of Zhang De-yi, who was stationed in England as the first Chinese Ambassador to that country between 1877 and 1879.My analysis focused on how their traditional world views developed as a result of their experience in the West. I considered changes in two views typically held by the Chinese at the time : first, that Chinese civ … More ilization was the one and only universal civilization, and second the assumption of a traditional world order in which China was the center of the world.Liu Xi-hong, who was an intellectual of the old school and displayed little enthusiasm for Westernization, showed little change in his world view as a result of his experiences. However, his evaluation of the West did change dramatically. He no longer conceived of the West as simply comprising uncivilized and barbarous countries. Guo Song-tao, who was also an old-school intellectual but was enthusiastic about Westernization, did show a change in his view of the world order. He absorbed a new world view which centered on the West, but managed to retain his traditional view of Chinese civilization. Zhang De-yi, on the other hand, embraced the Western- centered world order. He appears to have attempted to seek out the originality in both Chinese and Western civilizations, rather than taking the traditional view that Chinese civilization was the one and only universal civilization.Although this research has yet to be completed, I believe it is an innovative approach which complements other research on the question of' how the world view of Chinese intellectuals evolved toward the end of the Qing dynasty. Less