Economic backgrounds, causes and consequences of the multiethnic war in former Yugoslavia

有两个重要的背景和因素，如果没有这些背景和因素，波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那的多种族战争至少不会以我们直到两年前才看到的同样方式发生。一是南斯拉夫社会主义制度垮台以来发展起来的社会财产私有化过程中的阶级形成斗争。二是在南斯拉夫社会主义建立之前的两次世界大战期间进行的土地改革。在我看来，第一个因素在城市地区更有效，第二个因素在农村地区更有效。土地改革使波斯尼亚80%土地的穆斯林地主（和地主）陷入无地人或乞丐的社会地位，同时使波斯尼亚塞族（和克罗地亚人）从无地的农业劳动者上升为地主农民。南斯拉夫社会主义没有实行私人农场集体化。因此，土地改革形成的土地所有制基本结构在整个社会主义时期一直保持不变。直到南斯拉夫社会主义崩溃，波斯尼亚穆斯林精英才能够公开愤怒地反对战前的土地改革及其后果。很容易推断，波斯尼亚塞族人和克罗地亚人，独立的小农，一定对来自波斯尼亚穆斯林的挑战感到强烈震惊。

There were Two important backgrounds and factors without which the multiethnic wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina wouldn't have happened, at least, in the same way as we saw them until two years ago.The first one is class-formation struggle in the process of privatization of socially owned properties which have developped since the fall of Yugoslav socialist system. The second one is the agrarian reform which had been carried out in the interwar period before the establishment of Yugoslav socialism.In my opinion the first factor was more effective in the urban area and the second one in the rural area.The agrarian reform made the Bosnian Moslem landowners (and landlords) of 80% of the agrarian land fall into the social status of landless men or beggars and at the same time it enabled the Bosnian Serbs (and Croats) to rise up to landowner peasants from landless agrarian laborers. The collectivization of private farms wasn't carried out in Yugoslav socialism. Therefore the basic structure of land ownership formed by the agrarian reform has been maintained through the socialist period.It was not until the collapse of Yugoslav socialism that the Bosnian Moslem elite could challenge against the prewar land reform and its consequences openly with anger. It is very easily inferred that the Bosnian Serbs and Croats, independent small peasants must have been shocked strongly by the challenge from the Bosnian Moslem.