Continuity and Change of Japan's Bureaucratic System : Life Course and Role Behavior of Higher Civil Servants in Showa-Heisei Period.

日本官僚制度的延续与变迁：昭和平成时期高级公务员的生命历程与角色行为。

• 批准号: 10610173
• 负责人: NAKAMICHI Minoru
• 金额: $ 2.3万
• 依托单位: Nara Women's University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10610173/
• 关键词: higher Civil Servants; Japan's bureaucratic system; life course; social career; life history; cohort analysis; policy-making process; 政策行動; 行政改革; 役割行動; 昭和期; 平成期

This research examines and evaluates the historical role of Japan's postwar bureaucratic system by clarifying role creation and transformation in higher civil servants. To this end, three types of surveys were carried out as follows. 1) Bureaucratic Career Survey (conducted 1998-2000) that used secondary materials to track the bureaucratic career of 1,575 top-ranked section chiefs and above who entered ministries and government offices in the period from 1935 to 1979. 2) Mailed Questionnaire (conducted July 1999) that surveyed 1,336 retired and active civil servants on a variety of issues including role recognition and identity, the influence of various players in the policy-making process, and postwar policy-making evaluation. 3) Oral Life History Survey (conducted February and July 2000) that targeted 123 individuals from among the respondents to the above questionnaire. Some of the results of these surveys were presented jointly at the Kansai Sociological Society Conference in May 2 … More 000 and at the Japan Sociological Society Conference in November 2000. The following summarizes key findings of these surveys. 1) Promotion in rank has become totally slower and much slower in upper ranks ; retirement<age has become fixed (around 55 years old); ministries and government offices have become similar in these" respects; and career patterns exhibit both continuity and change. 2) Higher civil servants acknowledge that government bureaucrats have the most influence in policy forming, drafting, and finalizing followed by government leaders and ruling party leaders. This opinion differs little among cohorts. 3) While higher civil servants express pride in the fact that it maintains influence in the policy making process and plays a supporting role in Japanese politics and government, it is also aware of its falling influence as the political leadership of politicians grows. The results of a case study reveal that self confidence is. prevalent and morale is high in higher civil servants and that there is a desire for proper assessment of one's role. 4) A change can be observed in higher civil servants from "patriot type," who associate the work of postwar recovery and economic reconstruction with high growth, to "adjustment type," who must deal with the burden of "policy transformation" following the transition to low growth by building consensus among various players. Less

本研究通过对高级公务员的角色创造和角色转换的分析，考察和评价了日本战后官僚制度的历史作用。为此，进行了以下三类调查。1)官僚职业调查（1998-2000年进行），使用二手材料追踪1935年至1979年期间进入各部和政府办公室的1 575名最高级别科长及以上的官僚职业。2)邮寄问卷（1999年7月进行），调查了1 336名退休和在职公务员的各种问题，包括角色认知和身份，决策过程中各种参与者的影响，以及战后决策评估。3)口腔生活史调查（2000年2月和7月进行），从上述问卷的受访者中选出123人。这些调查的部分结果已于5月2日在关西社会学会会议上共同发表 ...更多信息 2000年11月在日本社会学会会议上。下文概述了这些调查的主要结果。1)晋升的速度完全变慢了，在高级职位中更是慢得多;退休年龄已经固定下来（55岁左右）;各部和政府机构在这些方面变得相似;职业模式既有连续性，也有变化。2)高级公务员承认，政府官僚在政策制定、起草和最终确定方面的影响力最大，其次是政府领导人和执政党领导人。这一观点在不同的群体中几乎没有什么不同。3)虽然高级公务员对自己在政策制定过程中保持影响力并在日本政治和政府中发挥支持作用感到自豪，但也意识到随着政治家的政治领导力的增长，其影响力正在下降。一个案例研究的结果表明，自信是。高级公务员普遍存在这种情况，士气高昂，而且希望对自己的角色进行适当的评估。4)高级公务员的变化可以观察到，从将战后复苏和经济重建工作与高增长联系起来的“爱国者型”，转变为必须应对转型后“政策转型”负担的“调整型”。通过建立各方共识，实现低增长。少