Effect of nitric oxide on release of neurotransmitters in the brain

首先，我们研究了由免疫应激（IMS）诱导的硝酸氧化物合成酶（NOS）基因，用于大鼠hypothermus、hippocampus、cerebral cortex和cerebellum，使用反向转录聚合酶链反应。《国家实验室动物护理和使用国家卫生研究所卫生指南》中的动物被治疗。在每一个脑区域测试中，未经30分钟或60分钟的峰值诱导了iNOS mRNA的表达。这一结果建议是，自从iNOS是一个tanscriptionally regulated enzyme，它是由脑中的压力暴露诱导的。第二次实验的对象是，当我们调查了氮氧化物（NO）水平后，IMS的启动在自由移动大鼠的高硫氰胺中发生变化，老鼠在催眠术中被禁用并植入了一条指南。一周后，一个微透析探针被插入了催眠术，并被汉克斯的解决方案渗透了。在一个自动机中被注射的过程 ... More d NO检测器-超性能-液体色谱系统（ENO-10， Eicom， Kyoto，日本）直接。四个或更多小时后，对没有D3-（/）2个D3和没有D3-（/）3个D3级已经启动，然后基础级已经测量了两个或更多小时。40分钟和120分钟后开始iMS， NO IIE D3-（/）2 IIE D3和NO IIE D3-（/）3 IIE D3水平增加了签名。最后，我们投资等离子体NO IIE D3-（/）2 IIE D3和NO IIE D3-（/）3 IIE D3水平在未被压抑的17个病人中，未被压抑的7个病人与焦虑障碍，并12个健康的控制。书面知情的意见都来自每个人，但在群体中发现了没有明显的差异。Plasma NO_D3-（/）3__在病人有抑郁症的情况下，硝酸水平明显下降，接近控制水平，恢复后（Wilcoxon符号等级测试， P<0.01，图）。清除残留有抑郁症的硝酸氧化物中剩余的来源的残留残留物。正如我们所看到的，等离子体硝酸水平的测量可能会在情感障碍与焦虑障碍的不同诊断中使用。Less（低）

At first, we investigated whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene was induced by immobilization stress (IMS) in rat hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Animals were treated in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals. Immobilization stress induced the expression of iNOS mRNA in every brain region examined with a peak around 30 or 60 min. This result suggests that, since iNOS is tanscriptionally-regulated enzyme, it is induced by stress exposure in the brain.The objection of the second experiment was that we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) levels changed after the initiation of IMS in the hypothalamus of free-moving rats, Rats were anesthetized and inplanted a guide canule in the hypothalamus. After 1 week, a microdialysis probe was inserted into the hypothalamus and was perfused with Hanks's solution. The dialysate were injected in an automate … More d NO detector-hyperformance-liquid-chromatography system (ENO-10, Eicom, Kyoto, Japan) directly. Four or more hours later, assays of NOィイD3-(/)2ィエD3 and NOィイD3-(/)3ィエD3 levels were started, and then the basal levels were measured for two or more hours. Between 40 and 120 min after starting of iMS, NOィイD3-(/)2ィエD3 and NOィイD3-(/)3ィエD3 levels increased significantly.Finally, we investigated plasma NOィイD3-(/)2ィエD3 and NOィイD3-(/)3ィエD3 levels in untreated 17 patients with depressive episodes, untreated seven patients with anxiety disorders, and 12 healthy controls. Written informed consent was obtained from each individual.No significant difference was found in plasma nitrite levels among the groups. Plasma NOィイD3-(/)3ィエD3 levels in depressed patients were significantly higher than those in controls or patients with anxiety disorders (Scheffe's F test, P<0.05, figure). Moreover, in patients with depressive episodes, nitrate levels significantly decreased, approximately to control levels, after recovery (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, P<0.01, figure).Unclear remains the source of the surplus production of nitric oxide in patients with depressive episodes. However, measurement of plasma nitrate levels might be useful in the differential diagnosis of affective disorders versus anxiety disorders. Less