Characteristics of Earthquake Disaster and Problems in Disaster

结合近期日本北部北海道发生破坏性地震的经验，探讨了农村地区的地震灾害问题。在地震灾害工程领域，大城市人口密集地区的问题一直是人们关注的焦点。显然，在大城市中，由于易损结构集中，功能复杂，地震危险性很高。相反，与城市化地区相比，农村地区总体上地震风险较小，但由于偏远地区和人口少的情况，可能会出现不同的问题。从面积比例来看，农村地区遭受地震袭击的几率远高于城市化地区。因此，农村地区的问题在地震减灾项目中也是重要的。在日本最北部的北海道，1993年和1994年发生了三次破坏性的大地震。这些地震不仅袭击了城市化地区，而且还袭击了更广泛的农村地区，并对初级工业区造成了极大的破坏。本文通过三次地震的经历，对地震灾害问题进行了探讨。首先，收集和整理侦察报告、地方政府和组织的各种数据、报纸和相关统计数据。其次，揭示了每个部门的破坏和恢复过程及其对当地社会的影响，并指出了农村地区具体存在的问题。最后，提出了农村减灾规划的新思路。

Problems on earthquake disasters in rural area are discussed through the experiences due to recent damaging earthquakes attacked Hokkaido, northern Japan. In the field of earthquake disaster engineering, main concern has been focused on the problems in the densely populated area in large cities. It is obvious that in a large city seismic risk is very high because of concentration of vulnerable structures and complex functions. On the contrary in rural area seismic risk is rather small compared with urbanized area in general but there might be different problems due to the situation of isolation and less population in wide area. From the ratio of area, the chance to be attacked by earthquakes is much higher in rural area than in urbanized area. Therefore the problems in the rural area is also important in the earthquake disaster mitigation programs. In Hokkaido, northern most Japan, we had three large damaging earthquakes in 1993 and 1994. These events attacked not only urbanized area but also more wide rural area and caused much damages in primary industrial area. In this paper, problems on earthquake disasters are discussed through the experiences of three earthquakes. Firstly, reconnaissance reports, various data in local government and organizations, newspapers and related statistics are gathered and rearranged. Secondary, damaging and recovery processes and their effects to local society are revealed for each sector and specified problems in rural area are pointed out. Finally, new approach to the disaster mitigation programs in rural area is indicated.