Research of the Structural Change of Urban Communities after the Great Disaster

在这项研究中，我试图从社区层面分析大灾难的有组织反应，以及灾后城市社区结构的变化过程，主要是以阪神大地震为重点。主要研究结果如下：(1)在灾前有较多居民参与各种有组织行动计划的社区，灾后应急期间和灾后恢复后，居民的利他行为有助于减少灾害对自身造成的损害。灾前组织好的社区危机管理才能取得成功。(2)灾后不久，受损社区的许多老年领导撤离到更安全的地区。因此，社区协会停止了运作。在修复阶段，许多中年新领导人出现在受损的社区，他们曾是一些志愿协会的重要成员，他们试图取代老年人。在重建阶段，逐步组建了新的以社区为基础的协会。在这些协会中，居民们一直在争论并试图就灾后社区重建计划达成一致。尽管作出了这些努力，但在漫长的重建进程中，大多数重建社区的行动方案都大大减少了。

In this research, I have tried to analyze the organized reaction to great disaster on community level, and the structurally changing processes of urban communities after disaster, mainly with a focus on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Quake. Main findings are as follows.(1) In some communities where many residents had participated in various organized action programs before disaster, altruistic action of residents helped to reduce disaster damage to themselves in post-impact emergency period and following restoration. Crisis management of community can be successful when it is organized well before disaster.(2) Right after disaster, many aged leaders in damaged communities evacuated to safer areas. So, neighborhood associations stopped their functioning. In the restoration phase, many middle-aged new leaders emerged in damaged communities, and they, who had been vital members of some voluntary associations, tried to take the place of aged. In the reconstruction phase, new community-based associations have been gradually organized. In these associations, residents have argued and tried to agree about community reconstruction programs after disaster. In spite of such efforts, most of all action programs to reconstruct communities have been largely reduced in the prolonged reconstruction processes.