School Self-Evaluation Practices underthe School BoardAccountability Systems in the American Urban School Districts

1. 直到20世纪80年代末，许多城市学区进一步发展了更加分散的管理系统。在芝加哥，当地学校委员会被授权为每个学校所在地，以确保当地学校的自主权。在20世纪90年代末和21世纪初，学校治理的新趋势是使学校理事会在学校董事会问责制下发挥学校自我评价组织的作用。学校和课堂的素质教育、学校问责、共享控制和教育综合治理是学校自我评价和评估的基本要素。自由/选择、平等/公平、有效性/效率和教育质量是学校自我评价和评估实践中的4个重要价值。研究分析并得出以下结论是最重要的指标：(1)制定并实施每所学校绩效的审查、分析和评估体系：芝加哥的学校改善计划，纽约州的综合教育计划和洛杉矶的现场行动计划。(2)校长领导和年度校长评价。(3)教学卓越（课程开发和多种类型的评估）。(4)员工发展（合作的教师小组工作和同伴评价）。(5)校本财务管理。(6)家长和社区参与：芝加哥当地学校委员会、纽约市学校领导团队和洛杉矶学校场地委员会。每个学区都为那些没有取得足够进步的学校开发了支持系统：芝加哥的重新设计计划，纽约州的SURR（注册审查中的学校）和加利福尼亚州的II/USP（中间干预/表现不佳的学校计划）。

1. Until the late 1980s many urban school districts developed further more decentralized administrative systems. In Chicago local school councils were mandated for each school site to assure local school autonomy. In the late 1990s and early 21st century the new tendency in school governance is to make those school councils work as the school self-evaluation organization under the school board accountability system.2. Quality education in the school and classroom, school accountability, shared control, and educational integrated governance are basic elements for the school self-evaluation and assessment. Liberty/choice, equality/equity, effectiveness/efficiency, and educational quality are 4 important values in school self-evaluation and assessment practices. The research analyzed and reached the conclusion that the followings are the most important indicators:(1) To develop and implement a system of review, analysis, and evaluation of each school performance: School Improvement Plan in Chicago, Comprehensive Educational Plan in New York State and Site Action Plan in Los Angeles.(2) Principal leadership and annual principal evaluation.(3) Instructional excellence (curriculum development and many types of assessment).(4) Staff development (cooperative teacher group work and peer evaluation).(5) School based fiscal management.(6) Parent and community involvement: Local School Council in Chicago, School Leadership Team in New York City and School Site Council in Los Angeles).3. Each school district has developed the support system for the schools which have failed to make adequate progress: Re-Engineering Program in Chicago, SURR(Schools Under Registration Review) in jNew York State, and II/USP(Intermediate Intervention/Underp erforming Schools Program) in California State.