Trade System of Mongolia in the Ch'ing Dynasty

本文旨在探讨清代中国商人在蒙古的贸易制度。自古以来，北方亚洲的游牧民族不能只靠自己的产品生活，所以他们进口了许多南方农民生产的东西。但自世纪清王朝征服蒙古后，中蒙边界消失了。从那时起，许多中国商人进入蒙古。此后，蒙古的经济状况发生了很大变化，各地纷纷兴建商业城市，尤其是内蒙古的呼和浩特市成为其中心。近年来，蒙古贸易制度的研究受到了蒙古学界的关注，从不同角度发表了大量的研究成果，笔者在近三年的时间里，在国内和内蒙古的许多研究机构进行了大量的资料调查，收集到了许多有价值的资料。基于 ...更多信息 根据这些材料和其他数据，我对这个主题进行了研究，发现了一些新的事实。其中之一是大黄贸易问题。清朝时期，中国的衣主要通过基亚赫塔输往俄国。但清政府以俄国对中国有不法行为为由，关闭了基亚赫塔市场，禁止大黄输俄。由此，大黄走私到俄国的活动大大增加，清廷难以控制，其次是内蒙古阿拉善的盐被非法输出到中国北方。当发现阿拉善王通过晋商非法向中国出口食盐时，清政府禁止阿拉善王的非法贸易。在此基础上，笔者考察了世纪初中国商人在伊克库力（今乌兰巴托）的活动及其在蒙活动衰落的原因。少

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trade system of Mongolia by the Chinese merchants in Mongolia (***) during the Ch'ing dynasty. From ancient times, nomads of Northern Asia cannot live only by products of themselves, so they imported many things produced by Southern farmers. But from when the Ch'ing dynasty conquered Mongolia in 17th century, the boundary between China and Mongolia had disappeared. From that times, many Chinese merchants made inroads into Mongolia. Since then the economic conditions of Mongolia greatly changed and many commercial cities were constructed in various places, particularly Huhhot of Inner Mongolia became its center. In recent years, the study on the trade system of Mongolia is paid attention to many Mongolists, so many researches were published from various viewpoints.I did several investigations of materials on this theme at many domestic and Inner Mongolia's institutes during past three years and could collect many valuable materials. Based … More on those materials and other data, I carried out my studies on this theme, could find several new facts. One of them is the problem of trade of rhubarb. Rhubarb from China were much exported to Russia via Kyakhta in Ch'ing period. But the Ch'ing government closed the Kyakhta market and forbade to export rhubarb to Russia for the reason that Russia committed irregularities to China. Resulted from this, smuggling rhubarb out to Russia increased very much, the Ch'ing government had difficulty in controlling it. Next problem is that the salt from Alashan of Inner Mongolia was illegally exported to the northern part of China. When it was detected that the Wang of Alashan illegally exported the salt to China through Shanxi merchants, the Ch'ing government prohibited the Wang of Alashan from illegal trade. Beside these problems, I investigated the activities of Chinese merchants in Ikh khulee (now Ulanbator) and the reasons of degeneration of their activities in Mongolia about early in the 20th century. Less