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The structual transformation of the relationship between the state and the rural society in Republican China

民国时期国家与乡村社会关系的结构转型

基本信息

批准号：
11610385
负责人：
SASAGAWA Yuji
金额：
$ 2.37万
依托单位：
Saitama University (2001)Tokyo Metropolitan College (1999-2000)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1999
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1999 至 2001
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11610385/
关键词：
Republifcan China rural and administration registration of the land and landowners land taxation system modernization of the land system Peking Government Nationalist Government Sino-Japanese War 国家-地域社会間関係王朝国家戦時地税行政土地・地税制度の近代化

项目摘要

This research deals with the development of the rural land administration in Republican China. The process of this development throws light on the structural transformation of the relationship between the state and the rural society.In late imperial China, the registration of the land and landowners depended on ceshu who privately possessed the land ledgers. Therefore, the tax burden on landowners was unjust, and influential landlords enjoyed unofficial privileges. Under this taxation system, it was difficult to cope with the rapid expansion of financial demand that occured mainly from the execution of policies for modernization in varied fields.Therefore, the Peking Government, estblished in 1912, recognized the necessity for the modernization of the land system and land taxation system, and proposed a new policy for that purpose. But the Government was not able to carry it into execution.The Nationalist Government really began to execute the modernization of the land system and land taxation system : precise survey of the land, correct registration of the land and landowners, legal assurance of private land-ownership, estimation of land prices, and fair collection of land tax. Particularly, the land survey covered the plains extending along the south side of Changjiang immediately before the beginning of Sino-Japanese War in july 1937. In these advanced areas, the structure of the relationship between the state and the rural society began to be transformed.However, the Japanese invasion forced the discontinuation and deterioration of the development of the rural land administration. After relocating its capital from to Chongqing, the Government became unable to continue the modernization of the land system and land taxation system, and then was compelled to take insufficient procedures. Therefore, during the war, the taxation was strengthened based on inaccurate traditional land ledgers, which caused serious tax discrimination.

本文以民国时期农村土地管理的发展为研究对象。这一发展过程揭示了国家与乡村社会关系的结构性转变。在帝制晚期，土地和地主的登记依赖于私人拥有土地账簿的册叔。因此，地主的税收负担是不公平的，有影响力的地主享有非官方的特权。在这一税制下，由于各方面现代化政策的实施，财政需求迅速扩大，难以科普，因此，1912年成立的北京政府认识到土地制度和土地税制现代化的必要性，并提出了新的政策。国民政府真正开始实行土地制度和田赋制度的现代化：精确测量土地，正确登记土地和土地所有者，法律的保障土地私有权，估算土地价格，公平征收田赋。特别是1937年7月甲午战争爆发前，土地调查覆盖了沿着长江南岸的平原。在这些先进地区，国家与乡村社会的关系结构开始发生变化，但日本的侵略迫使乡村土地管理的发展中断和恶化。迁都重庆后，政府无力继续推进土地制度和土地税收制度的现代化，被迫采取了不充分的程序。因此，在战争期间，根据不准确的传统土地账簿加强了税收，造成了严重的税收歧视。