The Inside and Outside of LF-A Study of the Current Minimalist Program

首先，考虑了C命令的概念。c命令的结构关系不是由最简理论中的构造操作Merge直接提供的，而是由关系的合成给出的，即sister和contain的合成。因此，指挥关系是一种次要关系，在复杂性理论的意义上是一种突现的性质。正是在这个意义上，c-command是用狭义语法定义的。狭义句法本身并不是“有意”构建这种关系。正是在这里，c-命令的突现关系没有（至关重要的）用于狭义的句法。第二，对语言与外部系统（如思维和认知系统）之间的关系给出了新的见解。作为一个例子，LF/述谓和认知系统之间的关系已被仔细检查。狭义语法构建LF，述谓解释应用于LF，导出述谓的语义解释。述谓的基本含义是将一般概念应用于特定实体。外部认识系统中的对应物是概念的上位和下位。上位词的发展使语言中的述谓成为可能，如“A dog is an animal”（狗是一种动物）这样的基本句子。"

First, the notion of c-command has been considered. The structural relation of c-command is not directly provided by the structure-building operation Merge in the Minimalist theory, but is given by the composition of relations, that is, the composition of sister and contain. Thus the relation of c-command is a secondary relation, and is an emergent property in the sense of the complexity theory. It is in this sense that c-command is defined in narrow syntax. It is not the case that narrow syntax itself "intentionally" constructs this relation. It is here that the emergent relation of c-command is not (crucially) used in narrow syntax.Second, a new insight has been given concerning the relationship between language and external systems such as systems of thought and cognition. As an example, the relation between LF/predication and the cognitive system has been closely examined. Narrow syntax builds LF, and predication interpretation applies to it, deriving the semantic interpretation of predication. The fundamental meaning of predication is that a general concept is applied to a particular entity. The counterpart in the external system of cognition is the superordination and subordination of concepts. The development of superordination lets predication in language possible, as is seen in a basic sentence like "A dog is an animal."