Leo Tostoy and Sects

托尔斯泰和一些神秘教派之间更多的宗教异端和苦行思想的相互影响一直被研究人员淡化和忽视。然而，托尔斯泰与一些激进教派有实际和相当活跃的联系，包括khlysti、skoptsy等，特别是在19世纪80年代和皈依之后。显然，他广泛阅读了关于这些教派的文献，其中一些在他的图书馆中找到。他与这一领域的学者进行了交谈。他似乎对khlysty的戒律很熟悉。他与斯科普西就禁欲生活中阉割的意义进行了一场漫长的辩论。他在思想上和道德上对神秘教派的信仰都自然地反映在他这一时期的作品中。Kreutser奏鸣曲承载着地球上上帝王国的乌托邦信息，当人类消除性别并恢复其地位时，这将实现，这一想法与One…非常相似更多的是由Skoptsy持有的。根据khlysti的概念，被谋杀的妻子被比作“姐妹”。矛盾的是，刺伤妻子的行为可能会被重新解读为阉割行为(俄语中没有性别)，对她进行手术，从而使波德尼谢夫成为一个掠夺者。与神秘教派有关的概念都是高度模棱两可的。在《魔鬼和塞尔吉斯神父》中观察到的烧焦手指的行为可以被解读为一种象征性的阉割行为，事实上，在塞尔吉斯神父身上，他通过自断手指来实现这一点。塞尔吉斯神父对素食主义的呼唤在其他宣传著作中得到了充分的发展，比如他迈出了第一步。托尔斯泰将这一原则与禁欲目的联系在一起，并呼吁节制酒精饮料和烟草。这转移了他对欧洲素食主义的人道主义的注意力，欧洲素食主义经常错误地与托尔斯泰联系在一起，相反，他将他与俄罗斯神秘教派联系在一起，后者基本上是整个素食主义的基础，类似于托尔斯泰提出的素食主义。因此，托尔斯泰沉浸在神秘教派的意识形态中似乎比之前想象的要根深蒂固得多。1999年和2000年在《助学金》的基础上进行的研究揭示了托尔斯泰作品中许多新的材料和迄今不为人知的方面，并为今后的工作提供了新的动力。较少

The mutual influence of more religously herectic and ascetic idealsbetween Tolstoy and some of the mystical sects has been the whole downplayed and neglected by the researchers. Tolstoy had, however, an actual and quite active connections with some radical sects, including khlysti, skoptsy, among others, especially in the 1880s and onwards after the conversion. Apparently, he read widely literature concerning these sects, some of which is found in his library. He had conversations with scholars in this fieldl. He seems to have been familiar with precepts of khlysty. He led a lengthy debate with skoptsy on the meaning of castration in an ascetic life. His intellectual and moral involvements with the creed of the mystic sects are naturally reflected in his writings of this period. The Kreutser Sonata carries a utopian message of the Kingdom of God on Earth which will be realized when the mankind eliminates gender and restores its status before the "Fall, " an idea much similar to the one … More held by the skoptsy. The murdered wife is likened to a "sister, " according to the conception of the khlysti. The stabbing of the wife can paradoxically be reread as an act of castration (genderless in Russian), operated on her and thus making Podnyshev a skopets. The concepts related to the mystical sects are all highly ambiguous and ambivalent. The scorching of a finger observed in The Devil and Father Sergius can be read as a symbolic act of castration, which in fact is consumated in the case of Father Sergius by his self-amputation of his finger.The call for vegetarianism observed in Father Sergius is fully developed in other propagandistic writings such as he First Step." The principle is related by Tolstoy to ascetic purposes, together with his call for temperance on alchoholic drinks and tabacco. This diverts him away from the humanitarianism of European vegetarianism, often wrongly connected with Tolstoy and rather associates him with the Russian mystic sects, which were on the whole vegetarian on the ground similar to that propounded by Tolstoy. Thus, the immersion of Tolstoy into the ideologies of the mystic sects seems to be far more deeply rooted than imagined earlier. The research done on the basis of the Grant-in-Aid in the years 1999 and 2000 has brought to light much new material and a hitherto unknownaspects of Tolstoy's works, and offered a fresh impetus for work to be done in future. Less