THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL STUDY ON THE DECREASES IN THE JOB-TAKING RATIO OF NEWLY UNIVERSITY-GRADUATED STUDENTS UTILIZING LABOR UNION MODELS

通过对应届大学毕业生就业情况的实证调查发现，毕业生就业比例下降的主要原因是学生所寻找的就业机会与企业提供的就业机会之间的“不匹配”。这一结果表明，大学毕业生就业率的下降是劳动力迁移的问题，因为我们可以通过促进劳动力迁移来减少这种错配。为此，本文对劳动力在国内和国际上的迁移进行了模型分析，以寻找提高应届大学毕业生就业率和整体经济就业状况的途径。首先，考察了工会模式的特点，以建立宏观经济供给侧的模型。其次，构建了一个两国宏观经济模型，考察了劳动力国际迁移对经济的影响。还利用两国宏观经济模型考察了外国工人流入对国内工人的影响。第三，研究了工人在国内和国际上迁移的两国宏观经济。模型分析得出了以下结果。为学生提供大学就业信息，促进企业与工人之间的就业信息交流，为应届大学毕业生和非技术工人提供各种就业机会，通过在职培训促进非技术工人向技术劳动力市场转移，将有助于改善整体经济就业状况和应届大学毕业生的就业率。

By investigating the employment situation of newly university-graduated students empirically, it was found that the problem that the ratio of students who can take jobs immediately after graduation is decreasing is mainly attributed to the so-called 'mismatch' between employment opportunities that students seek and firms offer. This result implied that the decreasing job-taking ratio of newly university-graduated students is the problem on labor migration, since we can reduce such mismatch by promoting the labor migration.For this reason, model analyses on the internal and international migration of labor were undertaken to find ways to improve the job-taking ratio of newly university-graduated students and the employment situation of the economy as a whole.Firstly, features of the labor union models were examined in order to model the supply side of the macroeconomy. Secondary, a two-country macroeconomic model was constructed and the effects of international migration of labor on the economy were examined. The effects of foreign workers' inflow on the domestic workers were also examined using the two-country macroeconomic model. Thirdly, the two-country marcoeonomy where workers migrate both domestically and internationally was investigated.The model analyses derived the following result. Providing students with information on jobs at the university, promoting the exchanges of information on jobs between firms and workers, providing newly university-graduated students and unskilled workers with various kind of employment opportunities and promoting the unskilled workers' migration to the skilled labor markets through on-the-job training will help to improve the employment situation of the economy as a whole and the job-taking ratio of newly university-graduated students.