A BASIC STUDY FOR CO-CONSERVATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES IN A VOLCANIC REGION.

描述了草津山高山植物的分布格局，并对相关环境因子进行了研究。在卡拉嘎马火山口，火山口壁面较高的区域主要覆盖着冷杉和白桦，较低的区域主要覆盖着矮松和白桦。这种分布模式与这些物种的一般分布模式相反。连续的气温测量表明，在冬季，较高的地区比较低的地区温暖。卡拉嘎马火山口底部的土壤剖面表明，该地区处于潮湿和寒冷的环境中。陨石坑周围有许多自然破坏的遗址，沙子和砾石不断地供应到陨石坑的底部。这些环境条件可能导致了陨石坑中独特的植被模式。在卡拉加马火山口内部和周围有一些土壤结构良好的地方，那里种植了大量的高山植物，一种叫做“山核桃”的植物。地理调查表明，这种植物是由于旧季形成的霜柱引起的土壤运动而从结构性土壤的沙带中移走的。根际真菌调查结果表明，生长在草津雪山和草津雪山顶部的高山植物种类大多存在微根共生关系。这表明微根真菌对火山地区高山植物的生存起着重要的作用。黑松、黄黄杉凋落物、动物粪便和火山酸湖真菌分布模式揭示了该火山地区的分解系统受到寒冷气候的调节，但可能足以在该生态系统内进行物质循环。

ALPINE PLANTS DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AT MT.KUSATSU MOTOSHIRANE WERE DESCRIBED AND SOME RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WERE INVESTIGATED.AT THE KARAGAMA VOLCANIC CRATER, HIGHER AREA OF THE CRATER WALL IS MAINLY COVERED WITH ABIES VEITCHIIAND BETULA ERMANII, AND LOWER AREA IS COVERED WITH PINUS PUMILA AND VACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM.THIS DISTRIBUTION PATTERN IS CONTRARY TO THE GENERAL PATTERN OF THESE SPECIES.CONTINUOUS AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT REVEALED THAT THE HIGHER AREA WAS WARMER THAN THE LOWER AREA DURING THE WINTER SEASON.THE SOIL PROFILE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE KARAGAMA VOLCANIC CRATER SUGGESTS THAT THIS AREA IS UNDER WET AND COLD ENVIRONMENT.THERE ARE MANY NATURALLY-DESTRUCTED SITES AROUND THE CRATER AND SANDS AND GRAVELS ARE CONTINUOUSLY SUPPLIED TO THE BOTTOM OF THE CRATER.THESE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MAY CAUSE THE UNIQUE PATTERN OF THE VEGETATION IN THE CRATER.THERE ARE SOME SITES WITH STRUCTURED SOILS IN AND AROUND THE KARAGAMA CRATER AND ENORMOUS NUMBER OF AN ALPINE PLANT, DICENTRA PEREGRINA, ARE PLANTED THERE.THE GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY REVEALED THAT THIS PLANT WAS REMOVED FROM THE SAND BELT OF THE STRUCTURED SOILS BY SOIL MOVEMENT CAUSED BY THE CREATION OF FROST COLUMNS DURING THE OLD SEASON.INVESTIGATION OF RHIZOSPHERIC FUNGI SHOWED THAT MOST OF THE ALPINE PLANT SPECIES GROWING AT THE TOP OF THE MT.KUSATSU MOTOSHIRANE AND MT.KUSATSU SIRANE HAVE MICORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS.THIS SUGGEST THAT THE MICORRHIZAL FUNGI PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR ALPINE PLANT SURVIVAL IN THE VOLCANIC REGION.FUNGAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN LITTERS OF PINUS PUMILA AND ABIES VEITCHII, ANIMAL DUNGS AND VOLCANIC ACID LAKES REVEALED THAT THE DECOMPOSITION SYSTEM IN THIS VOLCANIC REGION IS REGULATED BY THE COLD CLIMATE, BUT MAYBE GOOD ENOUGH FOR MATTER CYCLING WITHIN THIS ECOSYSTEM.