Generation of motor function and its relation with neuronal chemical substances.

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We have examined immnunohistochemically the distribution of some Ca^<2+>/calmodulin dependent protein kinases (CaM-Ks) in the brain and spinal cord, which are known to regulate intracellular second messenger, Ca^<2+>. Last two years, we studied CaM-kinase kinase β (CaM-KKβ) and CaM-kinase phosphatase (CaM-K Pase), and published two papers.CaM-KKβ was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of most neurons except in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nuclcus and reticular part of the substantia nigra. However, cellular nuclei of some large neurons such as in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus or mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were not labeled. CaM-KK β was different from another CaM-KK (CaM-KKα) in that the latter was located mostly in the cellular nuclei.CaM-K Pase was located only in the cytoplasm. This was not found in the granule cells in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus and cerebellar cortex, pyramidal neurons in the olfactory tubercle and Ammon's horn, projection neurons in the striatum, neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta or Purkinje cells. On the other hand, intrinsic neurons in the hippocampal formation and striatum were heavily labeled. The latter were also labeled with choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). Electron microscopic observations revealed that the postsynaptic density of many regions was immunopositive for CaM-K Pase. Because CaM-K Pase dephosphorylates CaM-K II that has been known to have relation with LTP at synaptic sites, CaM-K Pase might regulate this synaptic function.