Dynamics of enteropathogenic bacteria in Asian environment

自1996年以来，我们在8个国家和美国报告了一种新的副溶血性弧菌克隆引起的频繁感染。这让我们可以使用“大流行”这个词。我们最初通过其O3K6血清型来定义大流行克隆，但随后我们建立了一种针对毒素R的聚合酶链式反应方法来识别大流行克隆。最近，与03：K6大流行克隆相似，大流行克隆的血清变种已经跨越国际边界传播。自1998年以来，我们一直从泰国南部的双壳贝类中分离出大流行毒株，包括O1：K25毒株，我们证明了环境毒株与临床毒株之间的密切联系。结果表明，未煮熟的双壳贝类是传播途径，可能是国际传播的原因。经济因素，购买昂贵海鲜的能力，是比越南糟糕的卫生条件更重要的感染因素。我们证明在马来西亚销售的第一批海鲜经常被O139霍乱弧菌污染，这表明马来西亚的环境受到了这种微生物的污染。我们还首次在泰国南部发现了由四环素耐药O1霍乱弧菌引起的疫情。这些结果表明，泰国南部-马来西亚地区的人类活动需要监测。我们报告了从印度进口到马利亚的牛肉和泰国牛肉和牛的粪便受到O157大肠杆菌污染的情况。我们还报告了马来西亚环境中耐万古霉素肠球菌和创伤弧菌的分布。

We reported frequent infection due to a new clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in eight countries and the United States since 1996. It allowed us to use the term "pandemic." We initially defined the pandemic clone by its O3:K6 serovar, but we subsequently established a toxR-targeted PCR method to identify the pandemic clone. Recently, similar to the O3:K6 pandemic clone, serovariants of the pandemic clone have been spreading across the international border. We have been isolating the pandemic strains, including an O1:K25 strain, from the bivalves in southern Thailand since 1998, and we demonstrated strong association between environmental and clinical strains. The results indicated that improperly cooked bivalves are the means of transmission, and it may be the cause of international spread. Economic factor, ability to purchase expensive seafood, was a more important factor of infection than the poor hygienic condition in Vietnam.We demonstrated that first seafood marketed in Malaysia is frequently contaminated with O139 Vibrio cholerae, which indicates that Malaysian environment is contaminated with this microorganism. We also showed an epidemic due to tetracycline-resistant O1 V. cholerae for the first time in southern Thailand.These results suggest human movement in the southern Thailand-Malaysian region needs to be monitored.We reported contamination of the beef imported from India to Malysia and the beef and cattle feces in Thailand by Escherichia coli O157. We also reported distribution of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Vibrio vulnificus in Malaysian environment.