Formation of China's World Order - Contact and Fusion of Hunting, Pasturage, and Hosbandry Cultures in the 18th Century -

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In 1999 and 2000 we investigated the names and the real situation of the Manchu and Han languages sources deposited at the institutions in Japan, Taiwan, and China (Beijing, Shenyang, Heerbin). We also visited Yunnan, Guizhou, Shandong, and Heilongjiang and confirmed the spread of the Qing and the Manchu culture into the skirts of the China World. We made researches in the following fields.1) We visited the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River. There existed the Heilongjiang Culture by the end of the 19th century. We went down the river from Khabarovsk to Nikolayevsk-na-Amure and investigated the life of minority people, especially those of Nanai (Hezhe).2) We investigated the remains of the Manchu Bannermen's station and their descendants at Qingzhou of Shandong Province. We found the remnants of the Manchu culture in their spoken Han language.3) We examined Neiguoshiyuan dang'an, Neige chuanzong-Like shishu, Junjichu chuanzong- Eluosi dang, and Baqi dutong yamen quanzong-zh … More iguan lei at the First Historical Archives of China. We also studied Baqi dang'an in Manchu and Han languages at the National Library in Taiwan, the Library of Academy.4) We made research in historical sources of Manchu language and the documents on the issues of Korea and the Qing relations at the Libraries of the Seoul National University and Keishou-kaku.5) We invited Mark Elliott (University of California-Santa Barbara), Liu Xiaomeng (the Research Institute of Modern History Social Academy of China), and Liu Chengyun (the Institute of Academia Sinica) and held research workshops in Toyo bunko and other places. We discussed the present situation of study on Baqi dang'an in Japan, US, China, and Taiwan. We are able to find out the influence of the Manchu, the Mongol, and the Han cultures in Baqi dang'an.6) We compared the Xianghongqi dang'an in Toyo Bunko with the Baqi dutong yamen quanzong dang'an in the First Historical Archives of China. We concluded that those dang'an materials were originally parts of the same series of documents and supplement each other. Less