The Changes of Employment Structure, Work Process, Way of Life and Social Values of Workers

我们的研究项目研究了20世纪90年代以来就业结构的变化以及工作和生活方式的变化，即微观层面，如个别公司的就业管理和生产制度，宏观层面，如政府、工会和雇主协会采取或提出的就业和人事管理方面的政策和建议。根据我国对汽车工业和电气设备工业的研究，在20世纪90年代出现了新的分工概念。这一概念在20世纪90年代产生了“完整过程”和“细胞”生产系统，是一种新的劳动分工理念。为了克服串行流水线生产的缺陷，这一概念试图避免过度分散的劳动分工，并将完成的工作过程视为重要的，它由功能上有意义的工作组成。在这一点上，这个概念和沃尔沃Uddevalla生产系统有更多的共同点，尽管两者通常被认为完全不同于这些外观。当然，两者都有不同的观点，例如关于开发和利用操作员能力的方法。在日本，在“完成过程”或蜂窝式生产系统下，每个运营商的任务完成程度往往是由狭义的经济或生产效率实际决定的。结果，许多临时工越来越多地被商店利用。完成工作流程概念的引入，不仅伴随着产品开发流程和生产场所的创新，也伴随着人事管理制度的改革。从宏观上看，就业结构的变化是渐进的，而不是激进的。当然，在20世纪90年代末，新的就业实践已经传播开来，将市场原则引入大公司的就业系统，即内部劳动力市场。然而，许多大公司的商业领袖往往对以市场为基础的原则持怀疑态度，因此目前尚不清楚新的就业原则是否会占据主导地位。少

Our research project studied the changes of employment structure and the changes of ways of work and life since 1990's on both levels, that is, on micro level, for example, on employment management and production system at individual companies on the one hand, and on macro levels, for example, on policies and proposals regarding employment and personnel management adopted or proposed by government, unions and employers associations.According to our research of automobile industry and electric equipment industry, new concept on division of labor has emerged during 1990's. This concept which produced 'completed process' and 'cellular' production system during 1990's is a new idea about division of labor. In order to overcome defects of serial flow line production this concept tries to avoid over-fragmented division of labor and to regard completed work process as important, which consist of functionally meaningful jobs. At this point, this concept and Volvo Uddevalla production system ar … More e in common though both are often thought as utterly different from these appearances. Of course, both have different points for example with regard to method of development and utilization of the abilities of operators. In Japan the range of completeness of tasks of each operators under 'completed process' or cellular production system tends to be determined pragmatically by narrowly defined economies or production efficiencies. As a result many contingent workers have been increasingly utilized in shops. The introduction of the concept of completed work process has gone side by side not only with the innovation of the development process of products and production sites, but also with the reform of personnel management system.The Changes of employment structure on macro level are not radical but gradual in actual situations. Surely during late 1990's new employment practices have spread which introduce market-based principles into employment system within big companies, that is, internal labor market. However, many business leaders of big companies tend to be skeptical about market-based principles, so it is unclear that new employment principles will become dominant. Less