Evolution of Caracters among populations with restricted gene flows.

为了弄清影响基因流动受限群体间性状差异和停滞演化的因素，我们在本研究项目中获得了三个主要结果：第一，我们发展了两种新的方法，可以从任意选择的生物中轻松地获得多个微卫星座位。特别是，使用核酸外切酶III的方法比其他已报道的方法更好，因为新方法避免了旧方法的两个问题，即在PCR过程中产生嵌合体序列和将同一基因座重复克隆到所用载体上。利用从新方法获得的微卫星基因座，我们可以检测到一个单性生殖蚂蚁群体中是否存在多个基因型系。此外，利用新方法中的微卫星基因座，我们检测了几个黄蜂、蚂蚁和蜥蜴的多个基因座上的遗传多态。其次，利用傅立叶描述器定量描述了不同群体的剪刀状特征，发现群体内和群体间存在显著差异。我们获得了该物种的14个微卫星座位。因此，对种群的遗传分析将有助于阐明种群内和种群间的形态差异和遗传多样性之间的关系。第三，我们检测了两个种群在逃避行为上的行为差异。这种差异似乎与栖息地捕食者的存在有关。对于这只蜥蜴，我们获得了24个微卫星座位。通过利用这些基因座，我们将阐明捕食者行为和反应行为之间的进化关系。部分结果已经发表在科学期刊和科学大会上。

In order to clarify factors affecting evolution of differences and stasis of characters among populations with restricted gene flows, we obtained 3 main results from this research project supported by this grant.First, we developped two new methods by which we easyly get many microsatellite loci from arbitraricaly selected organisms. Especially, a method using Exonuclease III is better than other reported methods because the new method escaped from two problems of the old methods, which are production of chimera sequences at PCR procefures and repearted clonings of the same locus to used vector. By using microsatellite loci obtained from the new methods, we could detect exsistence of multiple genotypic lines in a colony of a parthenogentic ant. In addition, using microsatellite loci from the new methods, we detected genetic polymorphisms on several loci in several wasps, ants and a lizard. Thus, we could prepare genetic markers that are required to analyze genetic structure of populations.Second, we quantitatively described scissors shapes of earwigs by using Fourier discriptor and found significant variances within and among populations. We obtained 14 microsatellite loci for this species. Thus, genetic analisis on the populations will clarify relationship between morphorgical divergence and genetic diversity within and among populations.Third, we detected behavioral difference in escape behaviors between two lizard populations. This difference seemed to respond to existence of pradator at habitat. For this lizard, we obtained 24 microsatellite loci. By using these loci, we will elucidate evolutionary relationship between pradator and responded behaviors.Parts of results has been published on scientific journals and scientific congresses.