Cinematographic study on attacking and blocking tactics by international-class volleyball teams

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the offensive pattern after the serve reception of international-class women's volleyball teams. The first side-out plays of Cuban, Russian, Brazilian, Chinese female players who participated in Women's World Grand Prix Final Matches were filmed at 100 f.p.s. with two 16mm cinecameras and a VTR. The kinematic data of the spiking motion were computed by the Direct Linear Transformation Method. The results and findings were summarized as follows.The first side-out attack performed succesfully was 46% in Cuba, 40% in Russia, 46% in Brazil, and 36% in China. The women's combination offense plays were different from team to team. Cuban offense system was six-two where the setter always came from the back row, and the combination was almost the three-hitter attack which consisted of the quick set to the center attacker and the low fast set to the outside attackers. Most of Russian attack were the spiking from high set ball by two ace players whose stature were 190cm respectively. Brazil used often the four-hitter attack which played the important part of the offensive tactics in men's volleyball game reported before. While the quick set in the combination offense play was spiked usuall by a forward center attacker, China used such a combination that two quick hitters approached simultaneously for the different two kinds of quick sets, for example, one for B quick set and the other for one-leg takeoff set.These results suggest that any combination offense play may not have the decisive power in the offensive tactics of women's voleyball game.