Neural mechanisma for generation and inhibition of paradoxical sleep

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To elucidate the neural mechanisms for regulation of paradoxical sleep (PS), activity of the brainstem neurons was recorded from unanesthetized, head- restrained rats during sleep and waking and effect of several transmitters on these neurons were examined.1) Two type of PS-on neurons, cholinergic and non-cholinergic, are involved in generation of PS. Disinhibition from the monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons plays a crucial role in generation of PS. During waking, cholinergic PS-on neurons are largely influenced by GABAergic neurons than by monoaminergic (noradrenergic) ones. Non-cholinergic PS-on neurons receive inhibition from noradrenergic neurons as well as from GABAergic ones.2) During PS, non-cholinergic PS-on neurons are activated by cholinergic neurons, while cholinergic PS-on neurons are driven by glutamatergic input through NMDA and kainite receptors.3) Activity of WP neurons during waking is maintained by histamine through H_l receptor. Noradrenaline and serotonin had inhibitory effect on WP neurons.4) The cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem are activated by orexin, however switching from slow wave sleep to waking or from slow wave sleep to PS are regulated by the brainstem neurons rather than by the orexinergic neurons.