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Literacy and Social Fluctuation in the Mediterranean World

地中海世界的识字率和社会波动

基本信息

批准号：
13301020
负责人：
MOTOMURA Ryoji
金额：
$ 33.45万
依托单位：
The University of Tokyo
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13301020/
关键词：
Mediterranean World Ancient Times Medieval Times Social History Literacy Oral Culture Bureaucracy Trade 初等教育人口動態社会変動

项目摘要

When we make ourselves understood, written language cannot express our feeling better than oral language. But human being came out as a thinking animal, because he/she can control his/her feeling. This intelligent work of ‘thinking' had given a lot of influence on the birth of letters or written language. Therefore our literacy seemed to have gone up only when we found how to write by small numbers of letters such as Alphabet. Remarkably this writing system of Alphabet was established by the Phoenicians as they lived in Canaan which was located between Mesopotamia with cuneiform and Egypt with Hieroglyph.We can find any continuity between Linear B and Greek Alphabet in the case that we make notice of their phonemes and we realize that there was their tradition of oral culture in archaic societies of the Greeks. Things hardly changed also in Classical societies. Since then oral societies went on without basic change. But there had appeared any variations between urban and rural society, … More coastal and inland area, upper and lower class, male and female sex etc. We can guess rather high levels of literacy, for example, in Jewish society with their own sacred book or in Italian local city as Pompeii with a lot of graffiti on walls. But we must consider that this conjecture tends to depend on our impression of male people living in coastal city.Though we observe a little less level of literacy during the period of Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Times, there were also people who hoped to promote with written skill because of thoroughgoing of documentation. But we cannot deny that there tend to decrease people who could read letters. There appeared, however, a trend of devices with more easily readable texts since 11 century, above all in cities where some merchants and craftsmen had a rather good level of literacy. For example, in Sicily, we can see multi-linguistic (Latin, Greek and Arabic) society with bureaucracy.It is clear that written language make our density of ‘thinking' high, but penetration of documentation is not sure to lead our social behavior to be more vivid and lively. However we can see that spread of using written language is one of leading roles for systematization of society. Less

当我们表达自己的意思时，书面语言不能比口头语言更好地表达我们的感情。但是人类是一种有思想的动物，因为他/她可以控制他/她的感觉。这种“思考”的智慧工作对文字或书面语言的诞生产生了很大的影响。因此，我们的识字率似乎只有在我们发现如何用字母表等少量字母书写时才有所提高。值得注意的是，这种字母书写系统是由腓尼基人建立的，因为他们生活在迦南，位于美索不达米亚与楔形文字和埃及与象形文字之间。我们可以找到任何连续性之间的线性B和希腊字母的情况下，我们注意到他们的音素，我们意识到，有他们的口头文化传统，在古代社会的希腊人。在古典社会中，情况也几乎没有变化。从那时起，口头社会继续下去，没有根本的变化。但在城市和农村社会之间出现了任何差异， ...更多信息沿海和内陆地区，上层和下层阶级，男性和女性性别等，我们可以猜测相当高的识字水平，例如，在犹太社会，他们自己的圣书或在意大利当地城市庞贝，墙上有很多涂鸦。但我们必须考虑到，这种推测往往取决于我们对生活在沿海城市的男性的印象。虽然我们观察到，在古代晚期和中世纪早期，识字水平略低，但也有一些人希望通过书面技能来提升，因为文献资料很完备。但我们不能否认，有倾向于减少的人谁可以阅读信件。然而，自11世纪以来，出现了一种文本更容易阅读的设备的趋势，尤其是在一些商人和工匠识字水平相当高的城市。例如，在西西里，我们可以看到多语言（拉丁语、希腊语和阿拉伯语）社会和官僚主义，很明显，书面语言使我们的“思想”密度高，但文件的渗透并不一定会导致我们的社会行为更加生动活泼。然而，我们可以看到，书面语的普及是社会制度化的主导作用之一。少