Case Study of Environmental Policy Models at Local Level Applicable to Developing Countries

近年来，亚洲区域在经济快速增长的同时出现了严重的环境问题。但是，尽管建立了环境法律的制度，人民的环境意识也很高，但在目前的亚洲国家，环境法规并不总是能很好地发挥作用。日本50年来的环境规制经验可以为我们提供借鉴。毫无疑问，当今亚洲各国与过去的日本在历史和地域条件上存在着很大的差异，因此，我们在借鉴日本经验的同时，也有必要考虑到这种差异。本文通过对日本熊本水俣事件中的鱼贝类禁捕和北九州市的SOx管制两个案例的分析，总结出地方政府环境管制成功的四个要素。一是地方政府负责人的主动性。他们需要领导应对冲突局势的规章制度。第二，管理人员必须从经验中学习，因此他们需要长期留在自己的岗位上。第三，被监管企业的组织化和主导企业对监管的积极接受是可取的;第四，环境监管专家需要从人们的日常生活经验中把握人们的环境认知。由于经验丰富，人们往往对环境问题带来的危险毫不担心。因此，专家们必须将人们对这种安全的认识与环境问题的监管考虑在内。

In recent years, serious environmental problems have emerged in the Asian region, accompanying rapid economic growth. But, environmental regulations are not always functioning well in present Asian countries, in spite of established environmental legal systems and a high degree of environmental awareness among the people. Coping with such difficulties, we can refer Japanese experience of environmental regulations in past 50 years. It is no doubt that there is a large difference in historical and regional conditions between present Asian countries and past Japan.So, we will use the Japanese lesson, while it is necessary to consider such difference. In this article, I analyze two Japanese cases, first one is prohibition of catching and eating fish and shellfishes in Kumamoto Minamata Disease problem, second one is regulation of SOx in Kitakyushu-city, and take some lesson for coping with environmental problems in present Asia.As the result, I find four factors which are requisite for the success of environmental regulation at local government level. First one is the initiative of responsible officials in local government. They need to lead the regulations for coping with conflict situations. Second one is that regulative staffs must learn by experience, so they need staying their position for a long time. Third, it is desirable that regulated companies are organized and leading companies accept regulation positively.Last, experts in environmental regulation need to grasp environmental recognition of people from their expierence from every day life. For their expierience, People often feel no anxiety about danger by environmental ploblems. So, experts must take such safety recognition of people into consideration with regulation for environmental problems.