Persuasion and Consensus in Ancient Greek Democracies

首席调查员铃木研究了传统巴尔干社会是如何达成政治共识的，这些社会从古希腊继承了一些文化：他的主要关注点是中世纪的匈牙利，据说马蒂亚斯·科尔维努斯国王通过将王国改造成文艺复兴国家而统一了他的王国。他还揭示了20世纪匈牙利共产党人将马蒂亚斯国王塑造成成功控制了强大的贵族的绝对君主形象的现代社会心理过程。调查者Hashiba认为，在古典希腊，至少有两种说服模式，用语言和礼物说服，这两种模式都不一定被认为比另一种模式更不合适：货币说服和口头说服共存。包括贿赂在内的礼物说服，主要用于或多或少的私人领域，牢牢植根于传统和贵族价值观，而通常在议会、议会和普通法院等大量公民面前的公开演讲中使用的言语说服，则得到了一种新的民主意识形态的支持。伯里克利很清楚演讲的力量，并充分利用它作为说服人民的政治武器，用礼物说服人民，这是至关重要的。雅典民主的发展可以被描述为两种对立的互惠态度--旧的和新的--之间的冲突过程，最终导致了不可避免的变化，从用礼物说服，到用语言作为在象征和司法机构中感动人民的手段：用语言和修辞说服，而不是通过礼物和财富，更符合民主原则，即所有男性公民都被平等地允许参与政府，而不是他们的财产数量。

The head investigator Suzuki examines how political consensus was achieved in traditional Balkan societies, which had some cultural continuity from ancient Greece: his main focus is on medieval Hungary, where King Matthias Corvinus allegedly united his kingdom by remodeling it into a Renaissance state. He also brings to light the modern socio-psychological process by which the twentieth-century Hungarian communists employed the image of King Matthias as an absolute monarch who successfully controlled the powerful aristocrats.The investigator Hashiba argues that there were at least two modes of persuading, with words and gifts, in classical Greece, and that neither mode was necessarily considered more improper than the other: monetary persuasion coexisted with verbal. Persuasion with gifts including bribes, mainly used in more or less private spheres, was firmly rooted in the traditional and aristocratic values, whereas persuasion with words, normally employed in public speeches before a large body of citizens such as assembly, council and popular courts, was underpinned by a new, democratic ideology. Persuading the people with gifts was crucially checked by Pericles, who was well conscious of the power of oratory and fully exploited it as a political weapon to persuade the people. The development of the Athenian democracy can be described as a process 'of conflict between the two opposing attitudes toward reciprocity, old and ne~ which eventually caused an inevitable change from persuasion with gift to that with words as a means of moving the people in the symbouleutic and jurisdictional bodies: persuasion by words and rhetoric, not by gift and wealth, was more suited to the democratic principle that all male citizens were equally allowed to participate in the government regardless of the amount of their property.