Persuasion and Consensus in Ancient Greek Democracies

首席调查员铃木研究了传统巴尔干社会是如何达成政治共识的，这些社会有一些来自古希腊的文化延续性：他主要关注中世纪的匈牙利，据称，匈牙利国王马蒂亚斯·科维努斯（Matthias Corvinus）通过将其重塑为文艺复兴时期的国家来统一他的王国。他还揭示了现代社会心理过程，通过这个过程，20世纪匈牙利共产党人将马蒂亚斯国王的形象塑造成一个成功控制强大贵族的专制君主。研究者Hashiba认为，在古典希腊，至少有两种说服方式，一种是言语说服，另一种是礼物说服，但没有一种被认为比另一种更不合适：金钱说服与口头说服并存。包括贿赂在内的礼物说服，主要用于或多或少的私人领域，牢固地植根于传统和贵族价值观，而言语说服，通常用于在集会，委员会和人民法院等大批公民面前的公开演讲，以一种新的民主意识形态为基础。伯里克利非常清楚演说术的力量，他充分利用演说术作为说服民众的政治武器。雅典民主的发展可以被描述为“对互惠的两种对立态度之间的冲突过程，旧的和新的”，最终导致了一个不可避免的变化，从用礼物说服到用语言作为一种手段，在象征性和管辖权机构中打动人们：通过言辞和修辞而不是礼物和财富来说服，更符合民主原则，即所有男性公民都被平等地允许参与政府，而不管他们的财产多少。

The head investigator Suzuki examines how political consensus was achieved in traditional Balkan societies, which had some cultural continuity from ancient Greece: his main focus is on medieval Hungary, where King Matthias Corvinus allegedly united his kingdom by remodeling it into a Renaissance state. He also brings to light the modern socio-psychological process by which the twentieth-century Hungarian communists employed the image of King Matthias as an absolute monarch who successfully controlled the powerful aristocrats.The investigator Hashiba argues that there were at least two modes of persuading, with words and gifts, in classical Greece, and that neither mode was necessarily considered more improper than the other: monetary persuasion coexisted with verbal. Persuasion with gifts including bribes, mainly used in more or less private spheres, was firmly rooted in the traditional and aristocratic values, whereas persuasion with words, normally employed in public speeches before a large body of citizens such as assembly, council and popular courts, was underpinned by a new, democratic ideology. Persuading the people with gifts was crucially checked by Pericles, who was well conscious of the power of oratory and fully exploited it as a political weapon to persuade the people. The development of the Athenian democracy can be described as a process 'of conflict between the two opposing attitudes toward reciprocity, old and ne~ which eventually caused an inevitable change from persuasion with gift to that with words as a means of moving the people in the symbouleutic and jurisdictional bodies: persuasion by words and rhetoric, not by gift and wealth, was more suited to the democratic principle that all male citizens were equally allowed to participate in the government regardless of the amount of their property.